Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dissolution behavior of representative elements from red mud (RM) by leaching with titanium white waste acid (TWWA)

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Titanium white waste acid (TWWA) was used to dissolve the representative elements from red mud (RM) to achieve the goal of “treating waste with waste.” The leaching parameters on the leaching efficiency of Na, Sc, and Al were investigated, in which the analysis of XRD and SEM–EDS on RM and leaching residue was performed. The leaching kinetics of Na, Sc, and Al was studied with unreacted shrinking core model (USCM). The results show that the dealkalization efficiency was close to 100%, and the leaching efficiency of Sc and Al was 82% and 75%, respectively. Cancrinite was dissolved from RM, and then the elements such as Na, Al, and Ca reacted with H2SO4 of TWWA. Na existed in the leaching liquor in the form of ions. Ca reacted with sulfuric acid to form anhydrite, which existed in the leaching residue. The particles of RM became smaller and dispersed with each other by acid leaching. The leaching apparent activation energy of Na, Sc, and Al was 4.947 kJ/mol, 6.361 kJ/mol, and 31.666 kJ/mol, respectively. The leaching kinetic equation of Na, Sc, and Al was 1 − (1 − a)2/3 = 0.084·exp[− 595.05/T]·t by external diffusion, 1 − 2a/3 − (1 − a)2/3 = 0.021·exp[− 765.16/T]·t by internal diffusion, and ln(1 − a)/3 + (1 − a)−2/3 – 1 = 67.12·exp[− 3808.8/T]·t by joint action, respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Abhilash, Hedrich S, Schippers A (2021) Distribution of scandium in red mud and extraction using Gluconobacter oxydans. Hydrometallurgy 202:105621

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal S, Dhawan N (2021) Microwave acid baking of red mud for extraction of titanium and scandium values. Hydrometallurgy 204:105704

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bao SX, Qin L, Zhang YM, Luo YP, Huang XL (2021) A combined calcination method for activating mixed shale residue and red mud for preparation of geopolymer. Constr Build Mater 297:123789

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng B, Li GH, Luo J, Ye Q, Jiang T (2017) Enrichment of Sc2O3 and TiO2 from bauxite ore residues. J Hazard Mater 331:71–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng YL (2018) Discussion on the titration process-acid-base titration. J Hengyang Teach Coll 14:24–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng QQ (2021) Uncertainty evaluation in determination of sodium oxide in mold flux by ICP-AES. Henan Metall 29:24–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng X, Jiang LY, Song Y (2016) Titanium white sulfuric acid concentration by direct contact membrane distillation. Chem Eng J 285:101–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng X, Wu P, Jiang LY (2018) Titanium white waste acid concentration by DCMD: wetting, crystallization, and fouling. Desalination 440:161–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain M, Karmakar D, Begum SN, Ali SY, Patra PK (2021) Recent trends in the analysis of trace elements in the field of environmental research: a review. Microchem J 165:106086

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu B, Ouyang JT, Jiang LY (2020a) Influence of flocculant polyacrylamide on concentration of titanium white waste acid by direct contact membrane distillation. Chin J Chem Eng 28:2483–2496

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu GH, Lyu F, Khoso SA, Zeng H, Sun W, Tang HH, Wang L (2020b) Staged leaching behavior of red mud during dealkalization with mild acid. Hydrometallurgy 196:105422

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jin JP, Liu X, Yuan S, Gao P, Li YJ, Zhang H, Meng XZ (2021) Innovative utilization of red mud through co-roasting with coal gangue for separation of iron and aluminum minerals. J Ind Eng Chem 98:298–307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li JK, Dai J (2014) Research on treatment and utilization of “three wastes” of titanium dioxide production by sulfuric acid process. Environ Sci 33:63–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Li SC, Zhang J, Li ZF, Liu C, Chen JP (2021a) Feasibility study on grouting material prepared from red mud and metallurgical wastewater based on synergistic theory. J Hazard Mater 407:124358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li SW, Pan J, Zhu DQ, Guo ZQ, Shi Y, Dong T, Lu SH, Tian HY (2021b) A new route for separation and recovery of Fe, Al and Ti from red mud. Resour Conserv Recycl 168:105314

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li W, Yan XD, Niu ZP, Zhu XB (2021c) Selective recovery of vanadium from red mud by leaching with using oxalic acid and sodium sulfite. J Environ Chem Eng 9:105669

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li W, Liu Y, Zhu XB (2021d) Enhanced extraction of scandium and inhibiting of iron from acid leaching solution of red mud by D2EHPA and sodium chloride. J Cent South Univ 83:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin LQ, Lu ZM, Zhang W (2021) Recovery of lithium and cobalt from Lithium-Ion batteries using organic aqua regia (OAR): assessment of leaching kinetics and global warming potentials. Resour Conserv Recycl 167:105416

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu YJ, Naidu R (2014) Hidden values in bauxite residue (red mud): recovery of metals. Waste Manag 34:2662–2673

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu MY, Wang ZY, Dai HX, Gong ZH, Wang PR (2020) Research process of recovering scandium from red mud. Multipurpose Util Miner Resour 5:9–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyu F, Niu SL, Wang L, Liu RQ, Sun W, He DD (2021) Efficient removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution by modified red mud. J Hazard Mater 406:124678

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasechnik LA, Skachkov VM, Chufarov AY, Suntsov AY, Yatsenko SP (2021) High purity scandium extraction from red mud by novel simple technology. Hydrometallurgy 202:105597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sayan E, Bayramoglu M (2001) Statistical modelling of sulphuric acid leaching of TiO2, Fe2O3 and Al2O3 from red mud. Process Saf Environ Prot 79:291–296

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smičiklas I, Smiljanić S, Perić-Grujić A, Šljivić-Ivanović M, Antonovic D (2013) The influence of citrate anion on Ni(II) removal by raw red mud from aluminum industry. Chem Eng J 214:327–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song YW, Wang HR (2019) Using polyvinyl alcohol to improve the deacidification performance of titanium white waste acid: pilot tests. Waste Manag 87:13–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song YW, Wang HE, Wang R, Zhou JC (2021) Novel approach for high-efficiency recovery of titanium dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and organic solvents from titanium white waste acid. J Clean Prod 315:128105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun BB, Liu J, Zhang YQ, Leungb KMY, Zeng EY (2021) Leaching of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from microplastics in fish oil: kinetics and bioaccumulation. J Hazard Mater 406:124726

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang F, Xu J, Yin HL, Zhang YH, Pan H, Wang L (2021a) Sustainable stabilization/solidification of the Pb, Zn, and Cd contaminated soil by red mud-derived binders. Environ Pollut 284:117178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang SH, Jin HX, Deng Y, Xiao YD (2021b) Comprehensive utilization status of red mud in China: a critical review. J Clean Prod 289:125136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu WY, Chen Z, Huang Y, Li JW, Chen DY, Chen N, Su MH (2021) Red mud for the efficient adsorption of U(VI) from aqueous solution: influence of calcination on performance and mechanism. J Hazard Mater 409:124925

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu YP, Chen CY, Lan YP, Wang LZ, Li JQ (2020) Desilication and recycling of alkali-silicate solution seeded with red mud for low-grade bauxite utilization. J Market Res 9:7418–7426

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu ZM, Lu ZY, Zhang LS, Fan HY, Wang YF, Li JW, Lin YL, Liu H, Guo SH, Xu MY, Wang JF (2021) Red mud based passivator reduced Cd accumulation in edible amaranth by influencing root organic matter metabolism and soil aggregate distribution. Environ Pollut 275:116543

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Li SC, Li ZF, Liu C, Gao YF, Qi YH (2020) Properties of red mud blended with magnesium phosphate cement paste: feasibility of grouting material preparation. Constr Build Mater 260:119704

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang WG, Zhang TG, Li TT, Lv GZ, Cao XJ (2021a) Basic research on the leaching behavior of vanadium-bearing steel slag with titanium white waste acid. J Environ Chem Eng 9:104897

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang YW, Qian WM, Zhou PX, Liu Y, Lei XL, Li B, Ning P (2021b) Research on red mud-limestone modified desulfurization mechanism and engineering application. Sep Purif Technol 272:118867

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J, Yu Q, Huang J, Meng JJ, Chen YD, Ning SY, Wang XP, Wei YZ, Yin XB, Liang J (2020a) Recovery of scandium from white waste acid generated from the titanium sulphate process using solvent extraction with TRPO. Hydrometallurgy 195:105398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou JF, Zhao JH, Yang F, Wang TL, Du F, Qin YH, Ma JY, Wu ZK, Wang CW (2020b) Leaching kinetics of potassium and aluminum from phosphorus-potassium associated ore in HCl-CaF2 system. Sep Purif Technol 253:117528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J, Ma SY, Chen YD, Ning SY, Wei YZ, Fujita T (2021) Recovery of scandium from red mud by leaching with titanium white waste acid and solvent extraction with P204. Hydrometallurgy 204:105724

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu XB, Li W, Guan XM (2015) An active dealkalization of red mud with roasting and water leaching. J Hazard Mater 286:85–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu XB, Li W, Tang S, Zeng MJ, Bai PY, Chen LJ (2017) Selective recovery of vanadium and scandium by ion exchange with D201 and solvent extraction using P507 from hydrochloric acid leaching solution of red mud. Chemosphere 175:365–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu XB, Niu ZP, Li W, Zhao H, Tang QJ (2020) A novel process for recovery of aluminum, iron, vanadium, scandium, titanium and silicon from red mud. J Environ Chem Eng 8:103528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The research is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51904097 and 51804103), the Training Program for Young Backbone Teachers in Colleges and Universities of Henan Province (2019GGJS056), the Open Foundation of State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Mineral Metallurgical Resources Utilization and Pollution Control (HB202106), the Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province (202102310548), and the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Henan Polytechnic University (J2022-3).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China

    Xiaobo Zhu, Chen Ma & Wang Li

  2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Mineral Metallurgical Resources Utilization and Pollution Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan, Hubei, 430081, China

    Xiaobo Zhu & Wang Li

  3. Collaborative Innovation Center of Coal Work Safety and Clean High Efficiency Utilization, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China

    Xiaobo Zhu

Authors
  1. Xiaobo Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chen Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Wang Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Xiaobo Zhu, methodology, software, and writing; Chen Ma, data curation and writing—original draft preparation; Wang Li, investigation and writing—reviewing and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wang Li.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Ioannis A. Katsoyiannis

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhu, X., Ma, C. & Li, W. Dissolution behavior of representative elements from red mud (RM) by leaching with titanium white waste acid (TWWA). Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 74264–74275 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21081-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21081-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation