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Estimation of the water footprint of kiwifruit: in the areas transferred from hazelnut to kiwi

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Abstract

Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater and plays a critical role in addressing global water scarcity. While numerous studies have focused on the water footprint (WF) of various agricultural products, little attention has been paid to changing cropping patterns and their impact on WF. Here, we investigate the impact of conversion from hazelnut fields to kiwi orchards on green, blue, and gray WF between 2010 and 2021 in Ordu, Turkey. Our results show a total increase of 803,901 tons WF for all green, blue, and gray WF. Compared to the previous situation, changing the agricultural product and growing kiwifruit on previously established hazelnut fields increases green WF by 372,106 tons and blue WF by 334,167 tons. Thus, the change of cultivation pattern could significantly contribute to the water scarcity in the area, and at the same time, the increase in WF. Although kiwi cultivation might be advantageous economically, this economic benefit might be an ecological disadvantage as kiwi production is highly dependent on limited blue water resources. Therefore, it is suggested to further promote the rain-fed product, the hazelnut.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This study was prepared in cooperation between Başarsoft A.Ş and Eskişehir Technical University within the scope of 119c200 TUBITAK 2244 Project.

Funding

Authors would like to thank The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK) for facilitating the collaboration with sector representative Başarsoft within 2244 Project (Project No: 119C200).

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Author notes

  1. Mehmet Cetin

    Present address: Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey

    Gulsah Bilge Ozturk

  2. Institute of Graduate Programs, Department of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskisehir, Turkey

    Mehtap Ozenen Kavlak

  3. Institute of Earth and Space Sciences, Department of Geodesy and Geographical Information Technologies, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskisehir, Turkey

    Saye Nihan Cabuk

  4. Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Architecture, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey

    Alper Cabuk

  5. Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey

    Mehmet Cetin

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  1. Gulsah Bilge Ozturk
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Contributions

MOK, MC, GBO, SNC, AC designed the study and performed the experiments; MOK, GBO, SNC, AC, and MC performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mehmet Cetin.

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Bilge Ozturk, G., Ozenen Kavlak, M., Cabuk, S.N. et al. Estimation of the water footprint of kiwifruit: in the areas transferred from hazelnut to kiwi. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 73171–73180 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21050-y

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