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Impacts of particulate matter (PM2.5) on the health status of outdoor workers: observational evidence from Malaysia

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Abstract

Ambient air pollution is a significant contributor to disease burden, leading to an estimated 4.2 million premature deaths and 103.1 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) annually worldwide. As industrialization and urbanization surge in Asia, air pollution and its corresponding health issues follow suit. Findings on disease burden in developing countries are extremely scanty. This study aimed to determine the concentration of PM2.5 and its impact on respiratory health of outdoor workers in Malaysia. A 2-cycled 3-month cohort study involving 440 participants was conducted. Workers’ health status was assessed via (1) Total Ocular Symptom Score (TOSS), (2) Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS), (3) St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGPQ), and (4) Asthma Control Test (ACT). The maximum PM2.5 concentration was measured at 122.90 ± 2.07 µg/m3 during third week of August 2016. Meanwhile, the minimum concentration was measured at 57.47 ± 3.80 µg/m3 and 57.47 ± 1.64 µg/m3 during fourth week of July 2016 and first week of August 2017 respectively. Findings revealed that TOSS, TNSS, and SGPQ changes were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the concentration of PM2.5. Outdoor workers were more significantly (p < 0.05) affected by changes in PM2.5 compared to indoor workers with a moderate correlation (r value ranged from 0.4 to 0.7). Ironically, no significant association was found between ACT assessment and PM2.5. Collectively, our findings suggested that changes in the concentration of PM2.5 threatened the respiratory health of outdoor workers. The existing policy should be strengthened and preventive measures to be enforced safeguarding health status of outdoor workers.

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Funding

This study was financially supported by Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/2/2014/SKK10/UCSI/03/1) from the Ministry of Education, Malaysia, and UCSI University’s Research Excellence & Innovation Grant (REIG) via project code REIG-FMS-2020/010.

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  1. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Thavin Kumar Mathana Sundram, Eugenie Sin Sing Tan, Shiau Chuen Cheah, Normina Ahmad Bustami & Chung Keat Tan

  2. School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Gelugor, Malaysia

    Hwee San Lim

  3. Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Bioscience & Nursing, 42610, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia

    Marjan Sadat Seghayat

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  1. Thavin Kumar Mathana Sundram
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Eugenie Sin Sing Tan, Shiau Chuen Cheah, Hwee San Lim, Marjan Sadat Seghayat, Normina Ahmad Bustami, Navedur Rehman, and Chung Keat Tan. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Thavin Kumar Mathana Sundram and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Chung Keat Tan.

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Ethical approval for this study was granted by Medical Research Ethics Committee, University Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia; the approval code was 20165–2447. The research was conducted in accordance to principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and Malaysian Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (GCP).

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Sundram, T.K.M., Tan, E.S.S., Cheah, S.C. et al. Impacts of particulate matter (PM2.5) on the health status of outdoor workers: observational evidence from Malaysia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 71064–71074 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20955-y

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