Abstract
The supervised field trials were conducted in maize crops using nano-microemulsion (NM) and a commercial formulation of indoxacarb and lufenuron to evaluate the effect of nano-formulation on the dissipation pattern. A modified QuEChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe)-UPLC-MS/MS (ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) method was utilized for sample analysis. Results showed that the initial deposits of indoxacarb and lufenuron in plants using nano-microemulsion were 0.98 mg/kg and 8.18 mg/kg at recommended dosage, while using the commercial formulation, they were 0.85 mg/kg and 5.53 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, half-life (t1/2) values of using nano-microemulsion were 1.25 days and 2.51 days, which were shorter than indoxacarb (1.87 days) and lufenuron (3.00 days) from the commercial formulation, suggesting that pesticide formulations have a moderate impact on the initial deposit and dissipation rate. The terminal residue test showed that indoxacarb and lufenuron residues in maize grain and maize straw were below the available maximum residue limit (MRL, 0.01 mg/kg), suggesting 2% indoxacarb NM and 5% lufenuron NM are safe to use under the recommended dosage. The risk quotient value (RQ of indoxacarb and lufenuron equal to 17.7% and 2.4%, respectively) also revealed an acceptable risk for human consumption. These findings provide scientific evidence of the proper application of 2% indoxacarb NM and 5% lufenuron NM on maize crops.
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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Funding
This work was supported by the Natural Science Key Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province (KJ2020A0101), the Anhui Science and Technology Major Project (201903a06020027), and the National College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (202110364076).
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HC and JX designed the experiments; XC, YL, QG, and QF carried out the experiments; BL, ML, and ZH contributed to supervision; XC and JX analyzed the experimental data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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11356_2022_20719_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx
Supplementary file1 (XLSX 12 KB) Table S1. MRLs of indoxacarb and lufenuron on crops recommended by different countries.
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Cheng, X., Xiao, J., Liu, Y. et al. Effect of formulation on the indoxacarb and lufenuron dissipation in maize and risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 70976–70983 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20719-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20719-8