Abstract
Water contaminated with phosphorus needs to be managed efficiently to ensure that clean water sources will be preserved. Aquaculture plays an essential role in supplying food and generating high revenue. However, the quantity of phosphorus released from aquaculture effluents is among the major concerns for the environment. Phosphorus is a non-renewable, spatially concentrated material essential for global food production. Phosphorus is also known as a primary source of eutrophication. Hence, phosphorus recovery and separation from different wastewater streams are mandatory. This paper reviews the source of phosphorus in the environment, focusing on aquaculture wastewater as a precursor for hydroxyapatite formation evaluates the research progress on maximizing phosphorus removal from aquaculture wastewater effluents and converting it into a conversion. Shrimp shell waste appears to be an essential resource for manufacturing high-value chemicals, given current trends in wealth creation from waste. Shrimp shell waste is the richest source of calcium carbonate and has been used to produce hydroxyapatite after proper treatment is reviewed. There have been significant attempts to create safe and long-term solutions for the disposal of shrimp shell debris. Through the discussion, the optimum condition of the method, the source of phosphorus, and the calcium are the factors that influence the formation of hydroxyapatite as a pioneer in zero-waste management for sustainability and profitable approach. This review will provide comprehensive documentation on resource utilization and product development from aquaculture wastewater and waste to achieve a zero-waste approach.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank MOHE and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) for the financial and motivation support.
Funding
This study is funded by Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (Vot no.: 59625) project funded by Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia.
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KAZ performed the writing-original draft, data curation, and visualization. NIY contributed to the conceptualization, editing the draft, and supervision. NA contributed to the commenting the original draft, supervision, and funding acquisition. HR contributed to the conception and commenting.
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Zakaria, K.A., Yatim, N.I., Ali, N. et al. Recycling phosphorus and calcium from aquaculture waste as a precursor for hydroxyapatite (HAp) production: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 46471–46486 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20521-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20521-6