Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects analysis on hydrocarbon light-off performance of a catalytic gasoline particulate filter during cold start

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In order to study the hydrocarbon combustion in the low-temperature catalytic process of a catalytic gasoline particulate filter (CGPF) during cold start, a mathematical model of the CGPF is established and verified firstly. Then, take T50 (a temperature when the hydrocarbon conversion rate reaches 50%) as hydrocarbon light-off (LO) temperature; the effects of different exhaust parameters and structural parameters on hydrocarbon light-off performance and reaction rate are investigated based on simulation results. Finally, orthogonal experiment analysis is employed to further obtain the most significant factors and suggested parameter solution. The results show that the hydrocarbon LO performance of the CGPF during cold start is positively correlated with exhaust oxygen concentration, porosity, and filter length, but it is negatively correlated with exhaust flow rate and exhaust water vapor concentration. In addition, the inlet of the channel has a significant HC reaction when the oxygen concentration reaches 2.2%, and porosity mainly influences the front half part of the filter. Moreover, the influence degree relationship of the five factors is oxygen > mass flow > porosity > length > water vapor, and the optimum solution of length, vapor, mass flow, porosity, and oxygen is 150 mm, 12.31%, 0.002 kg/s, 0.55, and 2.2%, respectively. This work offers us great reference value for CGPF performance enhancement and hydrocarbon abatement of a GDI engine.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

GPF:

Gasoline particulate filter

CGPF:

Catalytic gasoline particulate filter

LO:

Light-off

GDI:

Gasoline direct injection

HC:

Hydrocarbon

PM:

Particulate matter

TWC:

Three-way catalyst converter

L :

Filter length [mm]

b :

Wall thickness [mm]

d :

Channel width [mm]

i :

Location of the inlet channel

j :

Location of the outlet channel

x :

Axial distance [m]

u :

Axial flow velocity [m/s]

υ :

Flow velocity in the porous media [m/s]

μ :

Dynamic viscosity [Pa∙s]

p :

Pressure [Pa]

k :

Permeability [m2]

λ :

Thermal conductivity [W/(m·K)]

m :

Specific surface area [m2/kg]

ξ :

Pressure loss coefficient

η :

Conversion efficiency

δ :

Conversion ratio

H :

Surface heat transfer coefficient [W/(m2·K)]

K s :

Reaction rate constant

A :

Pre-exponential factor

E a :

Apparent activation energy [kJ/kg]

R 0 :

Gas constant [J/(K∙mol)]

F :

Momentum transfer coefficient

C in :

Inlet propylene concentration [mol/m3]

C out :

Outlet propylene concentration [mol/m3]

I F :

Conversion rate under the exhaust temperature of F

I F +10 :

Conversion rate under the exhaust temperature of F + 10

I F- 10 :

Conversion rate under the exhaust temperature of F-10

References

  • Casquero-Vera JA, Lyamani H, Titos G, Borrás E, Olmo FJ, Alados-Arboledas L (2019) Impact of primary NO2 emissions at different urban sites exceeding the European NO2 standard limit. Sci Total Environ 646:1117–1125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai T, Zhao D (2022) Enhancing and assessing ammonia-air combustion performance by blending with dimethyl ether. Renew Sust Energ Rev 156:112003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Sarli V, Di Benedetto A (2015) Modeling and simulation of soot combustion dynamics in a catalytic diesel particulate filter. Chem Eng Sci 137:69–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng Y, Cui J, E J, Zhang B, Zhao X, Zhang Z, Han D (2017) Investigations on the temperature distribution of the diesel particulate filter in the thermal regeneration process and its field synergy analysis. Appl Therm Eng 123(92):102

    Google Scholar 

  • Deng YW, Feng CL, E J, Wei KX, Zhang B, Zhang ZQ, Han DD, Zhao XH, Xu WW (2019) Performance enhancement of the gasoline engine hydrocarbon catchers for reducing hydrocarbon emission during the cold-start period. Energy 183(869):879

    Google Scholar 

  • E JQ, Pham M, Zhao D, Deng YW, Le D, Zuo W, Zhu H, Liu T, Peng QG, Zhang ZQ (2017) Effect of different technologies on combustion and emissions of the diesel engine fueled with biodiesel: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 80:620–647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E JQ, Zheng P, Han D, Zhao X, Deng Y (2020) Effects analysis on soot combustion performance enhancement in a rotary diesel particulate filter unit during continuous microwave heating. Fuel 276:118043

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng CL, Deng YW, Chen LH, Han W, E J, Wei KX, Han DD, Zhang B (2022a) Hydrocarbon emission control of a hydrocarbon adsorber and converter under cold start of the gasoline engine. Energy 239:122138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng CL, Deng YW, Tan Y, Han W, E JQ, Chen LH, Han DD (2022b) Experimental and simulation study on the effect of ZSM-5 hydrocarbon catcher on the emission of gasoline engine during cold start. Fuel 313:122661

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gentner DR, Jathar SH, Gordon TD, Bahreini R, Day DA, El Haddad I, Hayes PL, Pieber SM, Platt SM, de Gouw J, Goldstein AH (2017) Review of urban secondary organic aerosol formation from gasoline and diesel motor vehicle emissions. Environ Sci Technol 51(3):1074–1093

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gong J, Stewart ML, Zelenyuk A, Strzelec A, Viswanathan S, Rothamer DA, Foster DE, Rutland CJ (2018) Importance of filter’s microstructure in dynamic filtration modeling of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs): inhomogeneous porosity and pore size distribution. Chem Eng J 338:15–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar C, Rana KB, Tripathi B (2019) Effect of diesel-methanol-nitromethane blends combustion on VCR stationary CI engine performance and exhaust emissions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(7):6517–6531

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang H, Hu H, Zhang J, Liu X (2020) Characteristics of volatile organic compounds from vehicle emissions through on-road test in Wuhan, China. Environ Res 188:109802

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hao L, Xu X, Guo X, Ji C, Wang X, Tan J, Ge Y (2016) Investigation of cold-start emission control strategy for a bi-fuel hydrogen/gasoline engine. Int J Hydrogen Energ 41(40):18273–18281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han D, Deng Y, Han W, E JQ, Chen L, Feng C, Zhang B (2021a) Effects analysis on hydrocarbon reduction efficiency of a beta zeolite catcher in gasoline engine during cold start. Fuel 306:121614

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han D, E JQ, Deng Y, Chen J, Leng E, Liao G, Zhao X, Feng C, Zhang F (2021b) A review of studies using hydrocarbon adsorption material for reducing hydrocarbon emissions from cold start of gasoline engine. Renew Sust Energ Rev 135:110079

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunicz J, Medina A (2016) Experimental study on detailed emissions speciation of an HCCI engine equipped with a three-way catalytic converter. Energy 117:388–397

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iodice P, Senatore A, Langella G, Amoresano A (2016) Effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on CO and HC emissions in last generation SI engines within the cold-start transient: an experimental investigation. Appl Energ 179:182–190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jayaraman K, Babu GN, Dhandapani G, Varuvel EG (2019) Effect of hydrogen addition on performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of Deccan hemp oil and its methyl ester-fuelled CI engine. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(9):8685–8695

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jin D, Choi K, Myung CL, Lim Y, Lee J, Park S (2017) The impact of various ethanol-gasoline blends on particulates and unregulated gaseous emissions characteristics from a spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) passenger vehicle. Fuel 209:702–712

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim Y, Sartelet K, Seigneur C, Charron A, Besombes JL, Jaffrezo JL, Marchand N, Polo L (2004) Effect of measurement protocol on organic aerosol measurements of exhaust emissions from gasoline and diesel vehicles. Atmos Environ 140:176–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Jang E, Jeong Y, Baik H, Cho SJ, Kang CY, Kim CH, Choi J (2022) A Cu-impregnated ZSM-5 zeolite for active cold start hydrocarbon removal: cation-type-dependent Cu species and their synergetic HC adsorption/oxidation functions. Chem Eng J 430:132552

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang SB, Han SJ, Nam I, Cho BK, Kim CH, Oh SH (2014) Detailed reaction kinetics for double-layered Pd/Rh bimetallic TWC monolith catalyst. Chem Eng J 241:273–287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Li Z, Zhang M, Xu H, Ma X, Shuai S (2021) Exhaust non-volatile particle filtration characteristics of three-way catalyst and influencing factors in a gasoline direct injection engine compared to gasoline particulate filter. Fuel 290:120065

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Li X, Zeng X, Zhu T (2019) Correlation between the physicochemical properties and catalytic performances of micro/mesoporous CoCeOx mixed oxides for propane combustion. Appl Catal Gen 572:61–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu G, Sun S, Zou C, Wang B, Wu L, Mao H (2022) Air pollutant emissions from on-road vehicles and their control in Inner Mongolia, China. Energy 238:121724

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li YQ, Chen Y, Wu G, Liu JW (2018) Experimental evaluation of water-containing isopropanol-n-butanol-ethanol and gasoline blend as a fuel candidate in spark-ignition engine. Appl Energ 219:42–52

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liao C, Fu JQ, Zhao D, Ren CQ, Liu JP, Liu Q (2021) Study of the effect of air injection on the surge and flow characteristic of compressor and the pumping loss in a heavy-duty turbocharged natural gas spark ignition engine. J Eng Gas Turb Power 143(12):124501

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang W, Laing P, Cheng Y, Hubbard C, Harold MP (2017) Co-oxidation of CO and propylene on Pd/CeO2-ZrO2 and Pd/Al2O3 monolith catalysts: a light-off, kinetics, and mechanistic study. Appl Catal B Environ 218:430–442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lahey RT Jr, Baglietto E, Bolotnov IA (2021) Progress in multiphase computational fluid dynamics. Nucl Eng Des 374:111018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leskovjan M, Němec J, Plachá M, Kočí P, Isoz M, Svoboda M, Novák V, Price E, Thompsett D (2021) Multiscale modeling and analysis of pressure drop contributions in catalytic filters. Ind Eng Chem Res 60:6512–6524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Opitz B, Drochner A, Vogel H, Votsmeier M (2014) An experimental and simulation study on the cold start behaviour of particulate filters with wall integrated three way catalyst. Appl Catal B Environ 144:203–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prantoni M, Aleksandrova S, Medina H, Benjamin S (2020) Multi-channel modelling approach for particulate filters. Results Eng 5:100077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qi L, Zhao J, Li Q, Su S, Lai Y, Deng F, Man H, Wang X, Lin Y, Ding Y, Liu H (2021) Primary organic gas emissions from gasoline vehicles in China: factors, composition and trends. Environ Pollut 290:117984

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman MA (2019) Effect of induction hydroxy and hydrogen along with algal biodiesel blend in a CI engine: a comparison of performance and emission characteristics. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(10):9552–9560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raut AA, Mallikarjuna JM (2021) Effect of in-cylinder air-water interaction on water evaporation and performance characteristics of a direct water injected GDI engine. Eng Sci Technol 24:480–492

    Google Scholar 

  • Su T, Ji C, Wang S, Shi L, Yang J, Cong X (2017) Effect of spark timing on performance of a hydrogen-gasoline rotary engine. Energ Convers Manage 148:120–127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serrano JR, Arnau FJ, Piqueras P, García-Afonso Ó (2013) Packed bed of spherical particles approach for pressure drop prediction in wall-flow DPFs (diesel particulate filters) under soot loading conditions. Energy 58:644–654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walus KJ, Wargula L, Krawiec P, Adamiec JM (2018) Legal regulations of restrictions of air pollution made by non-road mobile machinery-the case study for Europe: a review. Environ Sci Pollut R 25(4):3243–3259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Wang J, Hao C, Wang X, Li Q, Zhai J, Ge Y, Hao L, Tan J (2021a) Characteristics of instantaneous particle number (PN) emissions from hybrid electric vehicles under the real-world driving conditions. Fuel 286:119466

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang LY, Yu XH, Wei YC, Liu J, Zhao Z (2021b) Research advances of rare earth catalysts for catalytic purification of vehicle exhausts-commemorating the 100th anniversary of the birth of academician Guangxian Xu. J Rare Earth 39(10):1151–1180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter R, Neumann J, Hinrichsen O (2021) Modeling the catalytic performance of coated gasoline particulate filters under various operating conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 60(47):16993–17005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Wang P, Farhan SM, Yi J, Lei L (2019) Effect of post-injection on combustion and exhaust emissions in DI diesel engine. Fuel 258:116131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xie Y, Zuo Q, Wang M, Wei K, Zhang B, Chen W, Tang Y, Wang Z, Zhu G (2021) Effects analysis on soot combustion performance enhancement of an improved catalytic gasoline particulate filter regeneration system with electric heating. Fuel 290:119975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Roth P, Durbin TD, Johnson KC, Cocker DR III, Asa-Awuku A, Brezny R, Geller M, Karavalakis G (2018) Gasoline particulate filters as an effective tool to reduce particulate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles: a case study with two GDI vehicles. Environ Sci Technol 52(5):3275–3284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang W, Wang S, Li K, Liu S, Gan L, Peng Y, Li J (2019) Highly selective α-Mn2O3 catalyst for cGPF soot oxidation: surface activated oxygen enhancement via selective dissolution. Chem Eng J 364:448–451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Z, Liu Y, Wu L, Martinet S, Zhang Y, Andre M, Mao H (2020) Real-world gaseous emission characteristics of Euro 6b light-duty gasoline-and diesel-fueled vehicles. Transp Res Part D: Transp Environ 78:102215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yusuf AA, Inambao FL (2019) Effect of cold start emissions from gasoline-fueled engines of light-duty vehicles at low and high ambient temperatures: recent trends. Case Stud Therm Eng 14:100417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Li Q, Qin YC, Zhang XT, Gao XH, Song LJ (2016) Investigation on the mechanism of adsorption and desorption behavior in cerium ions modified Y-type zeolite and improved hydrocarbons conversion. J Rare Earth 34(12):1221–1227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang B, Zuo H, Huang Z, Tan J, Zuo Q (2020) Endpoint forecast of different diesel-biodiesel soot filtration process in diesel particulate filters considering ash deposition. Fuel 272:117678

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Li J, Tian J, Zhong Y, Zou Z, Dong R, Gao S, Xu W, Tan D (2022a) The effects of Mn-based catalysts on the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 at low temperature: a review. Fuel Process Technol 230:107213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Tian J, Li J, Lv J, Wang S, Zhong Y, Dong R, Gao S, Cao C, Tan D (2022b) Investigation on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with diesel/alcohol/n-butanol blended fuels. Fuel 320:123975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Li J, Tian J, Dong R, Zou Z, Gao S, Tan D (2022c) Performance, combustion and emission characteristics investigations on a diesel engine fueled with diesel/ethanol/n-butanol blends. Energy 249:123733

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao D, Li L (2015) Effect of choked outlet on transient energy growth analysis of a thermoacoustic system. Appl Energ 160:502–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao X, E JQ, Liao G, Zhang F, Chen J, Deng Y (2021) Numerical simulation study on soot continuous regeneration combustion model of diesel particulate filter under exhaust gas heavy load. Fuel 290:119795

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng XY, Jiang N, Zheng HL, Wu YY, Heijman SGJ (2022) Predicting adsorption isotherms of organic micropollutants by high-silica zeolite mixtures. Sep Purif Technol 282:120009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong C, Gong JK, Wang SL, Tan JQ, Liu JA, Zhu Y, Jia GH (2021) NO2 catalytic formation, consumption, and efflux in various types of diesel particulate filter. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(16):20034–20044

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou DZ, Tay KL, Tu YJ, Li J, Yang WM, Zhao D (2018) A numerical investigation on the injection timing of boot injection rate-shapes in a kerosene-diesel engine with a clustered dynamic adaptive chemistry method. Appl Energ 220:117–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu R, Hu J, Bao X, He L, Lai Y, Zu L, Li Y, Su S (2016) Tailpipe emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) and port fuel injection (PFI) vehicles at both low and high ambient temperatures. Environ Pollut 216:223–234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuo Q, Tang Y, Chen W, Zhang J, Shi L, Xie Y (2020a) Effects of exhaust parameters on gasoline soot regeneration performance of a catalytic gasoline particulate filter in equilibrium state. Fuel 265:117001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuo Q, Xie Y, Guan Q, Zhu G, E J, Zhu X, Tang Y, Wang Z, Chen W (2020b) Effect of critical dual-carrier structure parameters on performance enhancement of a dual-carrier catalytic converter and the gasoline engine system. Energ Convers Manage 204:112325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuo HY, Zhang B, Huang ZH, Wei KX, Tan JQ (2022a) Effect analysis on SOC values of the power lithium manganate battery during discharging process and its intelligent estimation. Energy 238:121854

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuo QS, Yang XM, Zhang B, Guan QW, Shen Z, Xie YC, Li QM (2022b) NO catalytic performance analysis of gasoline engine tapered variable cell density carrier catalytic converter. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(1):1413–1429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuo Q, Tang Y, Zhu G, Wei K, Guan Q, Zhang B, Shen Z (2021) Investigations on the soot combustion performance enhancement of a catalytic gasoline particulate filter in equilibrium state for reducing the BSFC of gasoline direct injection engine. Fuel 284:119032

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province under the research grant of 2020JJ6002, the Open Fund of Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Ship and Ocean Engineering, the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the research grant of 52076184 and 51975503, and the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2019A1515110883).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China

    Bin Zhang, Xuewei Li, Qingsong Zuo, Jianping Zhang, Wei Chen & Chun Lu

  2. Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Ship and Ocean Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China

    Bin Zhang & Zibin Yin

  3. School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China

    Dongli Tan

  4. Foshan Green Intelligent Manufacturing Research Institute of Xiangtan University, Foshan, 528311, Guangdong, China

    Wei Chen

Authors
  1. Bin Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xuewei Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Qingsong Zuo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zibin Yin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jianping Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Wei Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Chun Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Dongli Tan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Bin Zhang, resources, funding acquisition, project administration, data curation, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. Xuewei Li: software, data curation, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. Qingsong Zuo: resources, funding acquisition, and project administration. Zibin Yin: conceptualization and methodology. Jianping Zhang: formal analysis and software. Wei Chen: methodology and software. Chun Lu: software. Dongli Tan: data curation.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Qingsong Zuo.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

Not applicable

Consent to participate and consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Highlights

1. A simulation model of the CGPF for hydrocarbon conversion is established.

2. Hydrocarbon conversion rate, light-off temperature, and mass fraction distribution in the CGPF are investigated.

3. Effects of different parameters on hydrocarbon light-off performance are presented.

4. Influence degree relationship and optimum solution of different parameters are obtained based on orthogonal experiment analysis.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, B., Li, X., Zuo, Q. et al. Effects analysis on hydrocarbon light-off performance of a catalytic gasoline particulate filter during cold start. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 76890–76906 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20519-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20519-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation