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Electrical conductivity, microstructures, chemical compositions, and systematic multivariable models to evaluate the effect of waste slag smelting (pyrometallurgical) on the compressive strength of concrete

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Abstract

Concrete is a composite material widely used in construction. Waste slag smelting (pyrometallurgical) (steel slag (SS)) is a molten liquid melt of silicates and oxides created as a by-product of steel production. It is a complex solution of silicates and oxides. Steel slag recovery conserves natural resources and frees up landfill space. Steel slag has been used in concrete to replace fine and coarse particles (gravel). Three hundred thirty-eight data points were collected, analyzed, and modeled. It was determined which factors influenced the compressive strength of concrete with steel slag replacement in the modeling phase. Water/cement ratio was 0.3–0.872, steel slag content 0–1196 kg/m3, fine aggregate content 175.5–1285 kg/m3, and coarse aggregate content (natural aggregate) 0–1253.75 kg/m3. In addition, 134 data were collected regarding the electrical conductivity of concrete to analyze and model the effect of SS on electrical conductivity. The correlation between compressive strength and electrical conductivity was also observed. This research used a linear regression (LR) model, a nonlinear regression (NLR) model, an artificial neural network (ANN), a full quadratic model (FQ), and an M5P tree model to anticipate the compressive strength of normal strength concrete with steel slag aggregate substitution. For predicting the electrical conductivity, the ANN model was performed. The compressive strength of the steel slag was raised based on data from the literature. Statistical techniques like the dispersion index and Taylor diagram showed that the ANN model with the lowest RMSE predicted compressive strength better than the other models.

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Acknowledgements

Scientific Research Centre, Soran University, supported this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Soran University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq

    Nzar Shakr Piro

  2. Scientific Research Centre, Soran University, Soran, Erbil, Kurdistan-Region, Iraq

    Nzar Shakr Piro & Samir M. Hamad

  3. Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq

    Ahmed Salih Mohammed

  4. Department of Highway and Bridge Engineering, Technical Engineering College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, 44001, Iraq

    Rawaz Kurda

  5. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Nawroz University, Duhok, 42001, Iraq

    Rawaz Kurda

  6. CERIS, Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal

    Rawaz Kurda

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  1. Nzar Shakr Piro
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  2. Ahmed Salih Mohammed
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  3. Samir M. Hamad
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  4. Rawaz Kurda
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Contributions

Nzar, Rawaz, and Ahmed S. Mohammed are collecting data, planning, and writing. Nzar, Samir, and Rawaz, results and analysis. Ahmed and Nzar did the conclusions and editing.

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Correspondence to Rawaz Kurda.

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Piro, N.S., Mohammed, A.S., Hamad, S.M. et al. Electrical conductivity, microstructures, chemical compositions, and systematic multivariable models to evaluate the effect of waste slag smelting (pyrometallurgical) on the compressive strength of concrete. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 68488–68521 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20518-1

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