Abstract
The Huainan mining area is rich in coal resources and has sparse vegetation and many collapsed waterways. Large-scale and long-term underground coal mining has led to a fragile ecological environment in the mining area, and it is urgent to solve the contradiction between coal development and ecological environmental protection. The Huainan mining area was selected as the research object, and the vegetation cover was extracted using 10-phase Landsat multispectral remote sensing images from 1989 to 2021 to analyze its spatial and temporal changes and driving forces to provide a scientific basis for the guided restoration of the ecological environment in the region. Combined with the image dichotomous model, regression slope, correlation coefficient, and standard deviation of vegetation cover grid points in different time series, standard deviation ellipse, and center of gravity migration, we analyzed the spatial and temporal variation pattern of vegetation cover for 33 years and revealed the responses of temperature, precipitation, population density, GDP, and afforestation area to vegetation cover. Results show the following: (1) from 1989 to 2021, the overall vegetation cover in the study area tended to decrease with 36.48% of the areas increasing and 63.52% of the areas decreasing, primarily in the very low and medium range; (2) the center of gravity of different types of vegetation cover generally shifted from north to south during 33 years; (3) climate and social activities had a substantial effect on the spatial heterogeneity of the vegetation cover in the study area. There is significant spatial heterogeneity in the effects of climate and social activities on the vegetation in the study area with human activities negatively correlating with vegetation cover. Mining activities are the primary driver of the evolution of regional vegetation cover, with climate change serving as a secondary driver.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akanwa AO, Okeke FI, Nnodu VC, Iortyom ET (2017) Quarrying and its effect on vegetation cover for a sustainable development using high-resolution satellite image and GIS. Environ Earth Sci 76(14):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6844-x
Chen G, Huang Y, Chen J, Wang Y (2019) Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation net primary productivity and its responses to climate change in the huainan coal mining area. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 47(11):1905–1916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-019-01039-w
Chen YC, Yuan L, Xu C (2016) Investigation on using mining subsidence area to build a reservoir in Huainan Coal Mining Area. J China Coal Soc 41(11):2830–2835. https://doi.org/10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2016.0135
Deng CH, Bai HY, Gao S, Liu RJ, Ma XP, Huang XY, Meng Q (2018) Spatial-temporal variation of the vegetation coverage in qinling mountains and its dual response to climate change and human activities. J Natural Resour 33(3):425–438
Du J, Fu Q, Fang S, Wu J, He P, Quan Z (2019) Effects of rapid urbanization on vegetation cover in the metropolises of China over the last four decades. Ecol Indicators 107:105458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105458
Firozjaei MK, Sedighi A, Argany M, Jelokhani-Niaraki M, Arsanjani JJ (2019) A geographical direction-based approach for capturing the local variation of urban expansion in the application of CA-Markov model. Cities 93:120–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.001
Guo E, Wang Y, Wang C, Sun Z, Bao Y, Mandula N, Jirigala B, Bao Y, Li H (2021a) NDVI indicates long-term dynamics of vegetation and its driving forces from climatic and anthropogenic factors in mongolian plateau. Remote Sens 13(4):688. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040688
Guo Y, Zeng J, Wu W, Hu S, Liu G, Wu L, Bryant CR (2021b) Spatial and temporal changes in vegetation in the Ruoergai Region, China. Forests 12(1):76. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12010076
He C, Gao B, Huang Q, Ma Q, Dou Y (2017) Environmental degradation in the urban areas of China: evidence from multi-source remote sensing data. Remote Sens Environ 193:65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.02.027
He T, Xiao W, Zhao Y, Deng X, Hu Z (2020) Identification of waterlogging in Eastern China induced by mining subsidence: a case study of Google Earth Engine time-series analysis applied to the Huainan coal field. Remote Sens Environ 242:111742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111742
Huang C, Yang Q, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Guo L (2020a) The pattern, change and driven factors of vegetation cover in the Qin Mountains region. Sci Rep 10(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75845-5
Huang S, Zheng X, Ma L, Wang H, Huang Q, Leng G, Meng E, Guo Y (2020b) Quantitative contribution of climate change and human activities to vegetation cover variations based on GA-SVM model. J Hydrol 584:124687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124687
Hui J, Bai Z, Ye B, Wang Z (2021) Remote sensing monitoring and evaluation of vegetation restoration in grassland mining areas—a case study of the Shengli Mining Area in Xilinhot City, China. Land 10(7):743. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10070743
Ju Z, Yang Q, Xing P (2020). Spatial-temporal dynamics of the fractional vegetation coverage in the headwaters of the Jialing River from 1987 to 2015. Earth and Environment, 48(04), 452-460. https://doi.org/10.14050/j.cnki.1672-9250.2020.48.056
Karan SK, Samadder SR, Maiti SK (2016) Assessment of the capability of remote sensing and GIS techniques for monitoring reclamation success in coal mine degraded lands. J Environ Manag 182:272–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.070
Kayet N, Pathak K, Chakrabarty A, Kumar S, Chowdary VM, Singh CP, Sahoo S, Basumatary S (2019) Assessment of foliar dust using Hyperion and Landsat satellite imagery for mine environmental monitoring in an open cast iron ore mining areas. J Cleaner Production 218:993–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.305
Li H, Lei J, Wu J (2017) Evolution analysis of vegetation cover under the disturbance of rare earth mining: a case in Lingbei mining area. J Appl Sci Eng 20(3):393–400. https://doi.org/10.6180/jase.2017.20.3.14
Liu L (2021) Research on mine geological environmental problems and prevention techniques in Huainan City. Resour Environ Eng 35(02):200–205. https://doi.org/10.16536/j.cnki.issn.1671-1211.2021.02.012
Li J, Pei Y, Zhao S, Xiao R, Sang X, Zhang C (2020) A review of remote sensing for environmental monitoring in China. Remote Sens 12(7):1130. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12071130
Liu D, Jia K, Wei X, Xia M, Zhang X, Yao Y, Zhang X, Wang B (2019) Spatiotemporal comparison and validation of three global-scale fractional vegetation cover products. Remote Sens 11(21):2524. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11212524
Li J, Cui L, Yan X, Yang Z, Dong J, Deng X (2019). Comparative analysis of long-term trends on fraction of vegetation coverage in grassland mining area. Bull Surv Mapp, (8), 130-134+ 157. 10.13474/j.cnki.11-2246.2019.0267
Li J (2019). Spatial and temporal changes and driving factors of NDVI eight provinces in western China over the past 30 years. China University of Mining and Technology.
Liu Y, Lei S, Chen XY, Chen M, Yang YM, Li XH, Zhang XY, Long LL, Bian ZF (2021) Temporal variation and driving factors of vegetation coverage in Shendong central mining area based on the perspective of guided restoration. J China Coal Soc 1-14. https://doi.org/10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2020.1387
Maneas G, Makopoulou E, Bousbouras D, Berg H, Manzoni S (2019) Anthropogenic changes in a mediterranean coastal wetland during the last century—the case of Gialova Lagoon, Messinia. Greece. Water 11(2):350. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020350
Qian X, Wang D, Wang J, Chen S (2019) Resource curse, environmental regulation and transformation of coal-mining cities in China. Resour Policy 101447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101447
Qiao Y, Jiang Y, Zhang C (2021) Contribution of karst ecological restoration engineering to vegetation greening in southwest China during recent decade. Ecological Indicators 121:107081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107081
Sanmiquel L, Bascompta M, Vintró C, Yubero T (2018) Subsidence management system for underground mining. Minerals 8(6):243. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8060243
Sebastian DE, Ganguly S, Krishnaswamy J, Duffy K, Nemani R, Ghosh S (2019) Multi-scale association between vegetation growth and climate in India: a wavelet analysis approach. Remote Sens 11(22):2703. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11222703
Sun Y, Shan M, Pei X, Zhang X, Yang Y (2020) Assessment of the impacts of climate change and human activities on vegetation cover change in the Haihe River basin, China. Phys Chem Earth, Parts A/B/C 115:102834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2019.102834
Sun Z, Xie X, Wang P, Hu Y, Cheng H (2018) Heavy metal pollution caused by small-scale metal ore mining activities: A case study from a polymetallic mine in South China. Sci Total Environ 639:217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.176
Tao G, Jia K, Wei X, Xia M, Wang B, Xie X, Jiang B, Yao Y, Zhang X (2021) Improving the spatiotemporal fusion accuracy of fractional vegetation cover in agricultural regions by combining vegetation growth models. Intl J Appl Earth Observ Geoinform 101:102362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102362
Wang F, Xu YJ (2010) Comparison of remote sensing change detection techniques for assessing hurricane damage to forests. Environ Monit Assess 162(1):311–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0798-8
Wang W, Wu F, Li C (2021) Relationship between cross-regional transfer and the environment based on the coal enterprises in China. Resour Policy 73:102089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102089
Wu Q, Liu K, Song C, Wang J, Ke L, Ma R, Zhang W, Pan H, Deng X (2018) Remote sensing detection of vegetation and landform damages by coal mining on the Tibetan Plateau. Sustainability 10(11):3851. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10113851
Wang LX, Xu DY, Liu Z, Zhang SC, Yang Y (2019). Study on tempo-spatial variations of NDVI and climatic factors and their correlation in the Weihe watershed. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 26(02), 249-254. 10.13869/j.cnki.rswc.2019.02.036
Xiao W, Hu Z, Chugh YP, Zhao Y (2014) Dynamic subsidence simulation and topsoil removal strategy in high groundwater table and underground coal mining area: a case study in Shandong Province. Intl J Mining Reclam Environ 28(4):250–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480930.2013.828457
Xu S, Yu Z, Yang C, Ji X, Zhang K (2018) Trends in evapotranspiration and their responses to climate change and vegetation greening over the upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin. Agri Forest Meteorol 263:118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.08.010
Xu X, Zhang D (2021) Comparing the long-term effects of artificial and natural vegetation restoration strategies: a case-study of Wuqi and its adjacent counties in northern China. Land Degradation & Development 32(14):3930–3945. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4018
Zhang M, Wang J, Li S (2019) Tempo-spatial changes and main anthropogenic influence factors of vegetation fractional coverage in a large-scale opencast coal mine area from 1992 to 2015. J Cleaner Production 232:940–952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.334
Zheng K, Tan L, Sun Y, Wu Y, Duan Z, Xu Y, Gao C (2021) Impacts of climate change and anthropogenic activities on vegetation change: evidence from typical areas in China. Ecol Indicators 126:107648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107648
Zhou S, Zhang W, Wang S, Zhang B, Xu Q (2021) Spatial-temporal vegetation dynamics and their relationships with climatic, anthropogenic, and hydrological factors in the Amur River Basin. Remote Sens 13(4):684. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040684
Zhang SW, Ning HR, Xu DL, Ye HC, Zheng Y, Zhang HY, Huang YF (2016) Analysis of spatio-temporal evolution and driving factors of vegetation fraction for opencast coal mine in grassland area. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agri Eng, 32(17), 233-241. 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.031
Zhang XY, Liu Y, Long LL, Su YD, Chen DX, Chen XY (2021). Review on analysis of soil moisture changes caused by coal mining subsidence in arid and semi-arid areas and potential effects on plant physiology and ecology. J Zhejiang Univ (Agriculture & Life Sciences), 1-12. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/33.1247.S.20210907.1332.002.html
Zhao YL, Ding BL, He TT, Xiao W, Ren H (2021). Monitoring of subsidence water body change in PanXie mining area based on google earth engine. J China Coal Soc, 1-10. 10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2021.1022
Availability of data and materials
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Funding
Natural Science Research Project of the Anhui Higher Education Institution (KJ2021a0423), University-level Key Projects of Anhui University of Science and Technology (xjzd2020-04), Huainan closed mine geological ecological environment assessment and comprehensive treatment technology research (HNKY-PG-WT-2021-260), The Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining (WPUKFJJ2019-16), Key Laboratory for Digital Land and Resources of Jiangxi Province, East China University of Technology, Nanchang (DLLJ330013), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (41572333).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
XZ: methodology, investigation, writing–original draft, XC: formal analysis, LL: investigation, YS: investigation, XY: investigation, HZ: investigation, YC: methodology, SA: methodology, LY: methodology.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
All the authors reviewed and approved the manuscript for publication.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
ESM 1
(DOCX 11,275 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Chen, X. et al. Analysis of spatial and temporal changes of vegetation cover and its driving forces in the Huainan mining area. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 60117–60132 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19921-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19921-5