Abstract
Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is a primary metabolite of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which is widely used in industry as a plasticizer. Both DEHP and MEHP have been identified as endocrine disruptors affecting reproduction systems in natural aquatic environments. However, the effects of MEHP exposure on aquatic invertebrates such as Daphnia magna are still poorly understood. In the present study, lipid alterations caused by MEHP in D. magna were identified by analyzing lipid accumulation and nontarget metabolomics. In addition, reproductive endpoints were investigated. MEHP exposure under any conditions upto 2 mg/L was not associated with mortality of D. magna; yet, the number of lipid droplets and the adult female daphnids reproduction rates increased after 96 h of exposure and 21 days of exposure, respectively. MEHP also enhanced lipid metabolism, as evident from 283 potential lipid metabolites, including glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids, identified following 48 h of exposure. The MEHP-treated group exhibited significantly higher ecdysone receptor (EcR) and vitellogenin 2 (Vtg2) expression levels at 6 and 24 h. At 48 h, EcR and Vtg2 expression levels were downregulated in the 1 and 2 mg/L MEHP exposure groups. Our data reveal that the EcR pathway changes over MEHP exposure could be associated with lipid accumulation, owing to increased lipid levels and the subsequent increase in the reproduction of MEHP-exposed D. magna.
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The authors thank Zahra Adeli, Young-Im Yu, and Chang Gyun Park for experimental support. The authors thank Ian Choi for proofreading of the paper.
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This research was supported by the National Research Council of Science and Technology (NST) grant by the Korean government (MSIP) (No. CAP-17–01-KIST Europe) and the Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI) through the Core Technology Development Project for Environmental Diseases Prevention and Management (2021003310001), funded by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE).
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HC, YS, SB, BS, and CSR performed the experimental studies and data analysis. SB and CSR established a nontarget metabolomic method. HC, YS, and CSR drafted the manuscript. SB, BS, and YJK contributed to the data analysis, interpretation, and manuscript finalization. YJK supervised the study and finalized the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript carefully.
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Cho, H., Seol, Y., Baik, S. et al. Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate modulates lipid accumulation and reproductive signaling in Daphnia magna. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 55639–55650 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19701-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19701-1