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Impact of simulated acid rain on the growth of three species Brassica integrifolia, Brassica rapa, Brassica juncea in Hanoi, Vietnam

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Abstract

Over the past decade, the extent and magnitude of acid rain in Vietnam and other Asian countries have become more apparent. In this study, the effect of simulated acid rain (pH 5.0, 4.0, and 3.0) and control treatment (pH 6.0) are observed for three species Brassica integrifolia, Brassica rapa, and Brassica juncea in Hanoi. The pot experiment was conducted for 42 days and arranged according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD), replicated 3 times with acid rain exposure being supplied every 4 days. The results show that acid rain causes direct damage to leaves. Observations reveal white spots on leaves; leaves getting discolored and gradually turning yellow, curling leaf marginals, and turning dark blue, with the most severe symptoms being necrotic leaves. Parameters of the shoot and root length, leaf area, biomass, and chlorophyll content all decrease as pH drops. However, the accumulation of proline content in leaves tends to increase with greater acidity. In conclusion, Brassica rara has the highest resistance capability to acid rain compared with Brassica integrifolia and Brassica juncea, especially its proline content is the highest at pH 3.0 in three Brassicaceae species.

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Original data are available on requests from the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank to the Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology belonging to VNU University of Science for allowing us to use the equipments needed for the experiment in this study. We also would like to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Paul Liew, Environmental Protection Authority, South Australia, for his useful remarks on this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam

    Ha T. T. Pham, Ly N. Nguyen, Thuy T. Le & Toan K. Tran

  2. Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuân, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam

    Mai Q. Le

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Contributions

Conceptualization: Ha T.T. Pham., Mai Q. Le.; formal analysis: Ha T.T. Pham., Ly N. Nguyen., Thuy T. Le., Toan K. Tran; investigation: Ha T.T. Pham., Ly N. Nguyen., Thuy T. Le.; methodology: Ha T.T. Pham. and Mai Q. Le.; research administration: Ha T.T. Pham.; validation: Ha T.T. Pham, Toan K. Tran; writing (original draft): Ly N. Nguyen., Ha T.T. Pham., Thuy T. Le; writing (review and editing): Ha T.T. Pham., Toan K. Tran., Mai Q. Le.; final manuscript editing: Ha T.T. Pham. The manuscript was approved for publication by all authors.

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Correspondence to Ha T. T. Pham.

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Pham, H.T.T., Nguyen, L.N., Le, T.T. et al. Impact of simulated acid rain on the growth of three species Brassica integrifolia, Brassica rapa, Brassica juncea in Hanoi, Vietnam. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 42090–42101 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19652-7

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