Abstract
Caffeine is the most widespread active pharmaceutical compound in the world, generally studied as a tracer of human pollution, since caffeine levels in surface water correlate with the anthropogenic load of domestic wastewater. This work investigated the use of different steel wastes named as SW-I, SW-II, SW-II, SW-IV, SW-V, and SW-VI in the adsorption of caffeine. These materials were pretreated and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and point of zero charge. The samples are mainly composed of iron (hematite and magnetite). The caffeine adsorption test indicated that SW-VI (steel slag dust) is the most efficient and promising (removal around 51.68%) in relation to the other residues, which it was selected for further studies. Equilibrium time was reached within 96 h of contact between the adsorbent and the adsorbate, with removal of 84.00%, 81.09%, and 73.19% for the initial concentrations of 10 mg L−1, 20 mg L−1, and 30 mg L−1 of caffeine. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich models presented a good fit to the experimental data. However, the pseudo-first order model described better the experimental behavior. Adsorption isotherms were performed at three temperatures (298, 308, and 318 K). The maximum adsorption capacity was 17.46 ± 2.27 mg g−1, and experimental data were better fitted by the Sips isotherm. Values of ΔG° and parameters equilibrium of the models of Langmuir, Sips, and Temkin were calculated from the standard enthalpies and standard entropies estimated. The values of ΔG° were negative for the temperatures studied indicating that the adsorption process is viable and spontaneous. Negative values for ΔH° were also found, indicating that the process of caffeine adsorption by SW-VI is an exothermic process (0 to −40 kJ mol−1). Thus, the adsorption of caffeine by SW-VI is a physical process. The SW-VI material showed economic viability and promising for the adsorption of caffeine in aqueous media.
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The authors are grateful for the financial support provided by CAPES and to the support provided by the laboratories: LANAGUA (Federal University of Ceará); Analytical Chemistry Laboratory-LQA (Federal Institute of Science and Technology Education of Ceará); and X-ray Laboratory-LRX (Federal University of Ceará).
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All authors contributed to the conception and design of the study. The preparation and characterization of steel wastes (MEV, FTIR, XRF, XRD, and pHpcz) were performed by Iara Jennifer Moura Duarte, Thaís Mayra Israel de Oliveira Lima, and Antonia Mayza de Morais França. Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, visualization, and writing (original draft) were carried out by Iara Jennifer Moura Duarte. Hugo Leonardo de Brito Buarque and Ronaldo Ferreira do Nascimento contributed with acquisition of financing, project administration, resources, supervision, and writing—revision and editing. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Duarte, I.J.M., Lima, T.M.I.d.O., França, A.M.d.M. et al. Adsorption of caffeine using steel wastes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 79977–79994 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19582-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19582-4