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Comprehensive evaluation of the toxicity of the flame retardant (decabromodiphenyl ether) in a bioindicator fish (Gambusia affinis)

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Abstract

In recent years, concerns have increased about the adverse effects on health and the environment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), especially BDE-209, the most widely PBDE used globally. These pollutants derive from e-waste and present different adverse effects on biota. In this work, a toxicological study on mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) using BDE-209 (2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,′5′,6,6′-decabromodiphenyl ether) was carried out. Acute toxicity bioassays were conducted with daily renewal of solutions, using different concentrations of environmental relevance, ranged between 10 and 100 μg L−1 of BDE-209. At 48 and 96 h of exposure, several parameters were evaluated, such as mortality, individual activity (swimming), biochemical activity (catalase; thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances; and acetylcholinesterase), and cytotoxic responses (micronucleus frequencies). In addition, integrated biomarker response and multivariate analyses were conducted to study the correlation of biomarkers. The calculated Lethal Concentration-50 remained constant after all exposure times (24 to 96 h), being the corresponding value 27.79 μg L−1 BDE-209. Furthermore, BDE-209 induced effects on the swimming activity of this species in relation to acetylcholine, since BDE-209 increased, producing oxidative damage at the biochemical level and genotoxicity after 48 h of exposure to 10 and 25 μg L−1 BDE-209. The results indicate that BDE-209 has biochemical, cytotoxic, neurotoxic, and genotoxic potential on G. affinis. In addition, mosquitofish could be used as a good laboratory model to evaluate environmental stressors since they could represent a risk factor for Neotropical species.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge Instituto de Química de San Luis “Dr. Roberto Olsina”- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (INQUISAL-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (Project PROICO 2-1914), and Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica (FONCYT; PICT-2018-02570 and PICT-2018-01067) for financial support. We would also like to thank native speaker Lidia Unger and GAECI (Scientific writing assistance centre), from the National University of San Luis for the proofreading of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was funded by Postdoctoral Internal Scholarship, granted by the National Commission for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), File No. 004121/17. It also received funds from the Research Project of National University of San Luis “Environmental quality of aquatic ecosystems: analytical methodologies for the determination of compounds of environmental interest. Line 2: Development and validation of sensitive and selective analytical methodologies for the determination of compounds of environmental interest” (UNSL-Ord. CS No 64/15). In addition, the authors received financial support from Research Project “Assessment of the quality and toxicological risk of water and soils, contaminated with analyts from electronic waste using native bioindicators from semiarid regions” (PICT-2018–01067), and “Evaluation of the ecological status of water resources with anthropic disturbance through multiple environmental quality indicators” (PICT-2018–01067) which are funded by National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion, FONCYT, Innovative Argentina.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Química de San Luis (INQUISAL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica Y Farmacia (FQByF), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Chacabuco 917, 1º Piso Oficina 8- C.P. (D5700BWS), Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, San Luis, Argentina

    Juan Manuel Pérez-Iglesias, Patricia González, Mirian Roxana Calderón & César Américo Almeida

  2. Centro de Investigaciones del Medioambiente (CIM), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calle 115 y 47 (CP 1900), La Plata, Argentina

    Guillermo Sebastián Natale

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  1. Juan Manuel Pérez-Iglesias
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  2. Patricia González
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  3. Mirian Roxana Calderón
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  4. Guillermo Sebastián Natale
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  5. César Américo Almeida
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Contributions

Pérez-Iglesias, JM: wrote the paper, conceived and designed the experimentation, collected and analyzed the data. He also obtained the funding; González, P: reviewed the content of the paper and helped to obtain the funding; Calderón MR: collaborated in the writing and idiomatic correction of the paper; Natale, GS: conceived and designed the experimentation, Almeida, CA: wrote the paper, conceived and designed the experimentation, analyzed the data, and obtained the necessary funds for experimentation.

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Correspondence to César Américo Almeida.

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Pérez-Iglesias, J.M., González, P., Calderón, M.R. et al. Comprehensive evaluation of the toxicity of the flame retardant (decabromodiphenyl ether) in a bioindicator fish (Gambusia affinis). Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 50845–50855 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19462-x

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