Abstract
Mechanisms of Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(II) modified zeolite (clinoptilolite/mordenite) and vermiculite were evaluated. Adsorbents were treated with Fe(SO4)·7H2O to saturate their exchange sites with Fe(II). However, this treatment decreased their CEC and pHPZC, probably due to the dealumination process. Vermiculite (V-Fe) adsorbed more Fe(II) (21.8 mg g−1) than zeolite (Z-Fe) (15.1 mg g−1). Z-Fe and V-Fe were used to remove Cr(VI) from solution in a batch test to evaluate the effect of contact time and the initial concentration of Cr(VI). The Cr(VI) was 100% reduced to Cr(III) by Z-Fe and V-Fe in solution at 18 mg L−1 Cr(VI) after 1 min. Considering that 3 mol of Fe(II) are required to reduce 1 mol of Cr(VI) (3Fe+2 + Cr+6 → 3Fe+3 + Cr+3), the iron content released from Z-Fe and V-Fe was sufficient to reduce 100% of the Cr(VI) in solutions up to 46.8 mg L−1 Cr(VI) and about 90% (V-Fe) and 95% (Z-Fe) at 95.3 mg L−1 Cr(VI). The Fe(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI), and K+ contents of the adsorbents and solutions after the batch tests indicated that the K+ ions from the \({\mathrm{K}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}\) solution were the main cation adsorbed by Z-Fe, while vermiculite did not absorb any of these cations. The H+ of the acidic solution (pH around 5) may have been adsorbed by V-Fe. The release of Fe(II) from Z-Fe and V-Fe involved cation exchange between K+ and H+ ions from solution, respectively. The reduction of Cr(VI) by Fe(II) resulted in the precipitation of Cr(III) and Fe(III) and a decrease in the pH of the solution to < 5. As acidity limits the precipitation of Cr(III) ions, they remained in solution and were not adsorbed by either adsorbent (since they prefer to adsorb K+ and H+). To avoid oxidation, Cr(III) can be removed by precipitation or the adsorption by untreated minerals.
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We thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on our manuscript. We also thank Celta Brasil LTDA for zeolite samples and Brasil Minérios S.A for vermiculite samples.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. MIGR contributed to the investigation and the first draft of the manuscript; GB and SSVC also contributed to the investigation; FRDdA and SACF contributed to the formal analysis (XRD), writing — review and editing, supervision; MCS contributed to the conceptualization, writing — original draft, supervision, and project administration.
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Rosa, M.I.G., Boga, G.A., Cruz, S.S.V. et al. Mechanisms of chromium(VI) removal from solution by zeolite and vermiculite modified with iron(II). Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 49724–49738 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19366-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19366-w