Abstract
Off-road machinery, especially construction equipment, is one of the most important pollutant sources of the deterioration in the air quality of Chinese urban areas owing to its large quantity and to the absence of stringent emission requirements. In this study, we used a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) to measure the exhaust pollutant emission characteristics for 13 pieces of construction machinery including excavators and hydraulic crushers under different working conditions, such as real-world operating condition, free accelerating condition, and overloading condition, innovatively adopting the method of synchronizing video recording and emission measurement to divide the operation process of construction machinery under different working conditions into different action stages. In addition, the relationship between the emission characteristics and the maintenance history of 13 pieces of construction machinery was analyzed. The present study exploits this recent progress to enrich the measurement method of off-road mobile machinery light absorption coefficient (LAC), which does not depend on the measurement environment and the type of equipment. There are three significant findings from the study that can be noted. To begin with, the exhaust LAC in the excavation operation stage was the highest in the real-world operating condition. The main reason for it is that the engine load was suddenly increased during this stage; due to the response lag characteristics of the turbocharger, the intake charge was delayed, so the quality of oil and gas mixture in the cylinder becomes worse, and the concentration of local mixture is higher. Therefore, insufficient combustion of the mixture leads to a large amount of soot formation. Second, when the real-world operation is unavailable, the free accelerating condition was not applicable, but the overflow loading condition is suitable for replacing the real-world operating condition to measure the excavator exhaust LAC. Finally, as for in-use construction machinery, regular maintenance is an effective measure to reduce the engine exhaust LAC. Our findings contribute to improving the efficiency and accuracy of the environmental protection department’s evaluation of the exhaust LAC of off-road mobile machinery and promoting the application of different technologies for high-emission off-road mobile machinery to reduce pollutant emissions so that it can continue to be used.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
References
Abolhasani S, Frey HC, Kim K, Rasdorf W, Lewis P, Pang SH (2008) Real-world in-use activity, fuel use, and emissions for nonroad construction vehicles: A case study for excavators. J Air Waste Manage 58:1033–1046. https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.58.8.1033
Cao T, Durbin TD, Russell RL, Cocker DR, Scora G, Maldonado H, Johnson KC (2016) Evaluations of in-use emission factors from off-road construction equipment. Atmos Environ 147:234–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.09.042
Desouza CD, Marsh DJ, Beevers SD, Molden N, Green DC (2020) Real-world emissions from non-road mobile machinery in London. Atmos Environ 223:117301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117301
Fan CY, Song CL, Lv G, Wang GY, Zhou H, Jing XJ (2018) Evaluation of carbonyl compound emissions from a non-road machinery diesel engine fueled with a methanol/diesel blend. Appl Therm Eng 129:1382–1391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.10.086
Frey HC, Rasdorf W, Lewis P (2010) Comprehensive Field Study of Fuel Use and Emissions of Nonroad Diesel Construction Equipment. Transp Res Record 2158:69–76. https://doi.org/10.3141/2158-09
Fu ML, Ge YS, Tan JW, Zeng T, Liang B (2012) Characteristics of typical non-road machinery emissions in China by using portable emission measurement system. Sci Total Environ 437:255–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.095
Giakoumis EG, Rakopoulos CD, Dimaratos AM, Rakopoulos DC (2012) Exhaust emissions of diesel engines operating under transient conditions with biodiesel fuel blends. Prog Energy Combust Sci 38:691–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2012.05.002
Heidari B, Marr LC (2015) Real-time emissions from construction equipment compared with model predictions. J Air Waste Manage 65:115–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2014.978485
Hou X, Tian J, Song C, Wang J, Zhao J, Zhang X (2019) Emission inventory research of typical agricultural machinery in Beijing. China Atmos Environ 216:116903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116903
Lewis P, Karimi B, Shan Y, Rasdorf W (2018) Comparing the economic, energy, and environmental impacts of biodiesel versus petroleum diesel fuel use in construction equipment. Int J Constr Educ Res 15:276–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2018.1483982
Lindgren M, Larsson G, Hansson PA (2010) Evaluation of factors influencing emissions from tractors and construction equipment during realistic work operations using diesel fuel and bio-fuels as substitute. Biosyst Eng 107:123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2010.07.010
Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China (2021) China Mobile Source Environmental Management Annual Report. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-09/11/5636764/files/3ac6b9802f8b47fc8200403308a0d25d.pdf
Ministry of Ecology and Environment PRC, State Administration for Market Regulation PRC (2018a) GB36886- Limits and measurement methods for exhaust smoke from non-road mobile machinery equipped with diesel engine. http://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/dqhjbh/dqydywrwpfbz/2018a11/W020200628503585170722.pdf
Ministry of Ecology and Environment PRC, State Administration for Market Regulation PRC (2018b) GB3847- Limits and measurement methods for emissions from diesel vehicles under free acceleration and lugdown cycle. http://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/dqhjbh/dqydywrwpfbz/2018b11/W02018b1113594908622554.pdf
Pang K, Zhang K, Ma S (2021) Tailpipe emission characterizations of diesel-fueled forklifts under real-world operations using a portable emission measurement system. J Environ Sci (china) 100:34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2020.07.011
Pirjola L, Ronkko T, Saukko E, Parviainen H, Malinen A, Alanen J, Saveljeff H (2017) Exhaust emissions of non-road mobile machine: Real-world and laboratory studies with diesel and HVO fuels. Fuel 202:154–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.029
Rakopoulos CD, Dimaratos AM, Giakoumis EG, Rakopoulos DC (2010) Investigating the emissions during acceleration of a turbocharged diesel engine operating with bio-diesel or n-butanol diesel fuel blends. Energy 35:5173–5184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.07.049
Rasdorf W, Frey C, Lewis P, Kim K, Pang SH, Abolhassani S (2010) Field Procedures for Real-World Measurements of Emissions from Diesel Construction Vehicles. J Infrastruct Syst 16:216–225. https://doi.org/10.1061/(Asce)Is.1943-555x.0000027
Sepasgozar SME, Blair J (2019) Measuring non-road diesel emissions in the construction industry: a synopsis of the literature. Int J Constr Manag 21:582–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2019.1573479
Sun W, Wang Q, Guo L, Cheng P, Li D, Yan Y (2019) Influence of biodiesel/diesel blends on particle size distribution of CI engine under steady/transient conditions. Fuel 245:336–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.01.101
Tu R, Li T, Meng C, Chen J, Sheng Z, Xie Y, Xie F, Yang F, Chen H, Li Y, Gao J, Liu Y (2021) Real-world emissions of construction mobile machines and comparison to a non-road emission model. Sci Total Environ 771:145365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145365
Zamboni G, Moggia S, Capobianco M (2016) Hybrid EGR and turbocharging systems control for low NOX and fuel consumption in an automotive diesel engine. Appl Energy 165:839–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.12.117
Zhang Q, Yang L, Ma C, Zhang Y, Wu L, Mao H (2020) Emission characteristics and chemical composition of particulate matter emitted by typical non-road construction machinery. Atmos Pollut Res 11:679–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2019.12.018
Funding
This work is supported by the State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy under Project (No. KF2026) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2019MF037).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Experiments preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Wang Yongqi, Yin Wei, and Yan Qingzhong. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Wang Yongqi and revised by Cheng Yong. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
The manuscript has not been submitted to any other journal for publication. The submitted work is original. Full work has been presented in this paper without splitting. Results are presented clearly, honestly, without fabrication, falsification or inappropriate data manipulation.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
We, authors of this research articles, have consent to the publisher, and we will give full rights to publish our research paper in this journal.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Y., Yin, W., Yan, Q. et al. Emission characteristics of particulate matter emitted by typical off-road construction machinery. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 44220–44232 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19061-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19061-w