Abstract
Bone mass in adulthood depends on growth and mineralization acquired during childhood and adolescence. It is well known that these stages of life are crucial for bone development, where genetic, nutritional, hormonal, and lifestyle factors play a significant role. Bone loss is normally a natural and slow process that begins years later after the peak bone mass is achieved and continues throughout the lifespan. Lifestyle choices in childhood and adolescence such as minimal physical activity, excessive caffeine or carbonated beverages intake, malnutrition, cigarette use, or high alcohol consumption and other factors like environmental pollutants can also negatively affect bone health and accelerate the bone loss process. The aim of this work is an overview of risk factors associated with inadequate bone health in early life.
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Abbreviations
- ALP:
-
Alkaline phosphatase
- Al:
-
Aluminum
- As:
-
Arsenic
- B:
-
Boron
- BC:
-
Black carbon
- BMC:
-
Bone mineral content
- BMD:
-
Bone mineral density
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- BUA:
-
Broadband ultrasound attenuation
- Ca:
-
Calcium
- Ce:
-
Cerium
- Cd:
-
Cadmium
- CKD:
-
Chronic kidney disease
- Co:
-
Cobalt
- CO:
-
Carbon monoxide
- Cr:
-
Chromium
- CRP:
-
C-reactive protein
- CTx:
-
C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen
- Cu:
-
Copper
- DMP1:
-
Dentin matrix protein
- DXA:
-
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- Dy:
-
Dysprosium
- Er:
-
Erbium
- F− :
-
Fluoride
- Fe:
-
Iron
- FGF23:
-
Fibroblast growth factor 23
- Gd:
-
Gadolinium
- GFR:
-
Glomerular filtration rate
- Hg:
-
Mercury
- ICTP:
-
Type 1 collagen carboxy-terminal telopeptide
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- K:
-
Potassium
- La:
-
Lanthanum
- MEPE:
-
Matrix extracellular phospho-glycoprotein
- Mg:
-
Magnesium
- Mn:
-
Manganese
- Na:
-
Sodium
- Nd:
-
Neodymium
- Ni:
-
Nickel
- NO2 :
-
Nitrogen dioxide
- OC:
-
Osteocalcin
- OP:
-
Osteoporosis
- OPG:
-
Osteoprotegerin
- OPN:
-
Osteopontin
- P:
-
Phosphorus
- PAHs:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- Pb:
-
Lead
- PINP:
-
Procollagen type I N propeptide
- PM:
-
Particulate matter
- PO4 3 − :
-
Phosphate
- PQCT:
-
Peripheral quantitative computed tomography
- Pr:
-
Praseodymium
- PTH:
-
Parathyroid hormone
- QCT:
-
Quantitative computed tomography
- QUS:
-
Quantitative ultrasound
- RANKL:
-
Receptor activator for nuclear factor κ β ligand
- REEs:
-
Rare earth elements
- SD:
-
Standard deviations
- Se:
-
Selenium
- SI:
-
Stiffness index
- Sm:
-
Samarium
- Sn:
-
Tin
- SOS:
-
Speed of sound
- Sr:
-
Strontium
- Tb:
-
Terbium
- Ti:
-
Titanium
- Tl:
-
Thallium
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- U:
-
Uranium
- Yb:
-
Ytterbium
- Zn:
-
Zinc
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Funding
This research is funded by a collaborative grant Conacyt-ECOS Nord (Conacyt # 315696 and ECOS Nord # M20SP01) between research groups in France and Mexico. JCRG is a recipient of a fellowship from CONACyT (CVU # 701988).
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Writing—original draft, JCRG, MMD, OCB; writing—review and editing: JCRG, MMD, OCB, PMH, YG, PG, MTO, KH; investigation, JCRG, MMD, OCB, MTO; conceptualization, JCRG, MMD, OCB, PMH, YG, PG, MTO, KH; funding acquisition: JCRG, OCB, KH. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Rubio-Gutierrez, J.C., Mendez-Hernández, P., Guéguen, Y. et al. Overview of Traditional and Environmental Factors Related to Bone Health. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 31042–31058 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19024-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19024-1