Abstract
This study investigates the heterogeneous impact of air transport intensity, air passenger transport, and air freight transport on air transport carbon emissions in G20 countries for the period of 1990-2016. The paper employs a robust and advanced fixed-effect panel quantile regression model that considers unobserved discrete and distributional heterogeneity. Our empirical results show that the impact of the independent variables on air transport carbon emissions is quite heterogeneous across various quantiles. More specifically, the effect of air transport intensity, air passenger transport, and air freight transport on carbon emissions is positive and becomes more assertive with the increasing trend at upper quantiles and is quite heterogeneous across all quantiles. Economic growth, urbanization, and tourism are significant contributing factors in enhancing air transport CO2 emissions, while crude oil price significantly reduces CO2 emissions. The Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test estimates indicate that a bidirectional relationship extends from air transport intensity, air passenger transport, and air freight transport to air transport CO2 emissions. The findings underline the need for cleaner, renewable, and environmentally sustainable energy sources for air transport operations.
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Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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The paper has been written with the following four authors' joint efforts, each having a significant contribution to the final manuscript's development. It is also stated here that all author contributions have been stated and included in the manuscript, and there is no conflict of interest.
Yasir Habib drafted and written the overall manuscript and worked on methodological and analytical work.
Enjun Xia supervised the overall research and conceptualization of the main idea, and without his due support and insightful guidance, this work was not possible.
Shujahat Haider Hashmi made the data collection and helped in data analysis. He also reviewed the manuscript for its refinement and final shape.
Abaid Ullah Yousaf helped in data analysis, software management, and technical editing.
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Habib, Y., Xia, E., Hashmi, S.H. et al. Testing the heterogeneous effect of air transport intensity on CO2 emissions in G20 countries: An advanced empirical analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 44020–44041 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18904-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18904-w