Abstract
Regardless of the wide use of glucose measurements in stress evaluation, there are some inconsistencies in its acceptance as a stress marker. To meet the challenge and test the reliability/suitability of glucose measurement in practice, we simulated different environmental/anthropogenic exposure scenarios in this study. We aimed to provoke stress in fish followed by a 2-week stress recovery period and under the cumulative effect of leachate fish exposed to pathogenic oomycetes (Saprolegnia parasitica) to represent a possible infection in fish. We selected stream-resident and anadromous brown trout ecotypes (Salmo trutta) representing salmonids with different migratory behaviour strategies. Here, we analysed glucose content in fish-holding water, blood and gills to determine glucose suitability as a potential biomarker of fish response to environmental challenges. Additionally, swimming behavioural parameters and haematocrit were measured. The results indicated that the quantity of glucose released in the holding water of stressed fish increased considerably and remained substantially higher throughout the stress recovery period than the control level. Correspondingly, the circulating levels of glucose in blood and gills decreased over time in fish exposed to different stressors. A significant decrease in swimming activity of fish was observed during the first hours of leachate exposure and increased in fish exposed to S. parasitica compared to control. Our study is the first to ensure the validity and reliability of glucose response in evaluating physiological stress in fish under chemical and biological stimuli, indicating its sensitivity and response range of glucose measurement in fish-holding water.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Violeta Ptašekienė for proofreading the manuscript and Dr. Svetlana Markovskaja for identifying S. parasitica. This research was supported by the research infrastructure of Vilnius University, Life Sciences Center and Open Access Centre for Nature Research at the initiative of the Open R&D Lithuania network. The research was funded by the European Social Fund under the measure No. 09.3.3-LMT-K-712 “Development of Competencies of Scientists, other Researchers and Students through Practical Research Activities” grant No 09.3.3-LMT-K-712-19-0110.
Funding
This research was funded by the European Social Fund under the measure No 09.3.3-LMT-K-712 “Development of Competencies of Scientists, other Researchers and Students through Practical Research Activities” grant No 09.3.3-LMT-K-712–19-0110.
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Tomas Makaras: conceptualisation; methodology; investigation; formal analysis; supervision; writing—original draft; visualisation. Julija Razumienė: conceptualisation; methodology; resources, data curation; writing—review and editing. Vidutė Gurevičienė: methodology; investigation; formal analysis. Gintarė Sauliutė: methodology; investigation. Milda Stankevičiūtė: conceptualisation; methodology; investigation; formal analysis; writing—original draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Additional file 2: Supplementary Table 1. Chemical and physical characteristics of clean water and landfill leachate used in the experiments
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Additional file 3: Supplementary Table 2. Mortality rate and determined 96-h LC values for stream-resident and anadromous ecotypes of S. trutta exposed to landfill leachate solutions.
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Additional file 5: Supplementary Fig. 1 Dose–response curves of stream-resident (A) and anadromous (B) brown trout treated with different concentrations of landfill leachate solutions.
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Makaras, T., Razumienė, J., Gurevičienė, V. et al. Technical suitability and reliability of an in vivo and non-invasive biosensor-type glucose assessment as a potential biomarker for multiple stressors in fishes: an evaluation on Salmonids. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 41187–41206 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18546-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18546-y