Abstract
Non-edible Ceiba oil has the potential to be a sustainable biofuel resource in tropical countries that can replace a portion of today’s fossil fuels. Catalytic deoxygenation of the Ceiba oil (high O/C ratio) was conducted to produce hydrocarbon biofuel (high H/C ratio) over NiO-CaO5/SiO2-Al2O3 catalyst with aims of high diesel selectivity and catalyst reusability. In the present study, response surface methodology (RSM) technique with Box-Behnken experimental designs (BBD) was used to evaluate and optimize liquid hydrocarbon yield by considering the following deoxygenation parameters: catalyst loading (1–9 wt. %), reaction temperature (300–380 °C) and reaction time (30–180 min). According to the RSM results, the maximum yield for liquid hydrocarbon n-(C8–C20) was found to be 77% at 340 °C within 105 min and 5 wt. % catalyst loading. In addition, the deoxygenation model showed that the catalyst loading-reaction time interaction has a major impact on the deoxygenation activity. Based on the product analysis, oxygenated species from Ceiba oil were successfully removed in the form of CO2/CO via decarboxylation/decarbonylation (deCOx) pathways. The NiO-CaO5/SiO2-Al2O3 catalyst rendered stable reusability for five consecutive runs with liquid hydrocarbon yield within the range of 66–75% with n-(C15 + C17) selectivity of 64–72%. Despite this, coke deposition was observed after several times of catalyst usage, which is due to the high deoxygenation temperature (> 300 °C) that resulted in unfavourable polymerization side reaction.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Abdul HSM, Hossain MS, Salem AFA, Alsaedi A, Ismail N, Ab Kadir MO, Ahmad MI (2021) A review on non-edible oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel: physicochemical properties and production technologies. RSC Adv 11:25018–25037. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA04311K
Abdulkareem-Alsultan G, Asikin-Mijan N, Lee HV, Rashid U, Islam A, Taufiq-Yap YH (2019) A review on thermal conversion of plant oil (edible and inedible) into green fuel using carbon-based nanocatalyst. Catalysts 9:350. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9040350
Abdulkareem-Alsultan G, Asikin-Mijan N, Mustafa-Alsultan G, Lee HV, Wilson K, Taufiq-Yap YH (2020) Efficient deoxygenation of waste cooking oil over Co3O4–La2O3-doped activated carbon for the production of diesel-like fuel. RSC Adv 10:4996–5009. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA09516K
Alhajabdalla M, Mahmoud H, Nasser MS, Hussein IA, Ahmed R, Karami H (2021) Application of response surface methodology and box–behnken design for the optimization of the stability of fibrous dispersion used in drilling and completion operations. ACS Omega 6:2513–2525. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c04272
Asikin-Mijan N, Lee HV, Juan JC, Noorsaadah AR, Taufiq-Yap YH (2017) Catalytic deoxygenation of triglycerides to green diesel over modified CaO-based catalysts. RSC Adv 7:46445–46460. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA08061A
Asikin-Mijan N, Lee HV, Marliza TS, Taufiq-Yap YH (2018) Pyrolytic-deoxygenation of triglycerides model compound and non-edible oil to hydrocarbons over SiO2-Al2O3 supported NiO-CaO catalysts. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 129:221–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.11.009
Asikin-Mijan N, Ooi JM, AbdulKareem-Alsultan G, Lee HV, Mastuli MS, Mansir N, Alharthi FA, Alghamdi AA, Taufiq-Yap YH (2020) Free-H2 deoxygenation of Jatropha curcas oil into cleaner diesel-grade biofuel over coconut residue-derived activated carbon catalyst. J Clean Prod 249:119381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119381
Asikin-Mijan N, Rosman NA, AbdulKareem-Alsultan G, Mastuli MS, Lee HV, Nabihah-Fauzi N, Lokman IM, Alharthi FA, Alghamdi AA, Aisyahi AA, Taufiq-Yap YH (2020) Production of renewable diesel from Jatropha curcas oil via pyrolytic-deoxygenation over various multi-wall carbon nanotube-based catalysts. Process Saf Environ Prot 142:336–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.06.034
Balajii M, Niju S (2020) Banana peduncle – a green and renewable heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production from Ceiba pentandra oil. Renew Energy 146:2255–2269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.08.062
Boonrod B, Rochpuang C, Paisan T, Prapainainar C, Seubsai A, Hongloi N, Prapainainar P (2020) Optimization of operating conditions of bio-hydrogenated diesel production from fatty acid. Chem Eng Trans 78:397–402
Ferreira SLC, Silva JMM, Felix CSA, Da Silva DLF, Santos AS, Santos Neto JH, De Souza CT, Cruz Junior RA, Souza AS (2019) Multivariate optimization techniques in food analysis – a review. Food Chem 273:3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.114
Kanbur U, Zang G, Paterson AL, Chatterjee P, Hackler RA, Delferro M, Slowing II, Perras FA, Sun P, Sadow AD (2021) Catalytic carbon-carbon bond cleavage and carbon-element bond formation give new life for polyolefins as biodegradable surfactants. Chem 7:1347–1362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2021.03.007
Maneechakr P, Karnjanakom S (2021) Improving the bio-oil quality via effective pyrolysis/deoxygenation of palm kernel cake over a metal (Cu, Ni, or Fe)-doped carbon catalyst. ACS Omega 6:20006–20014. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c02999
Oi LE, Choo MY, Lee HV, Taufiq-Yap YH, Cheng CK, Juan JC (2020) Catalytic deoxygenation of triolein to green fuel over mesoporous TiO2 aided by in situ hydrogen production. Int J Hydrog Energy 45:11605–11614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.07.172
Pattanaik BP, Misra RD (2017) Effect of reaction pathway and operating parameters on the deoxygenation of vegetable oils to produce diesel range hydrocarbon fuels: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 73:545–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.018
Pooja S, Anbarasan B, Ponnusami V, Arumugam A (2021) Efficient production and optimization of biodiesel from kapok (Ceiba pentandra) oil by lipase transesterification process: addressing positive environmental impact. Renew Energy 165:619–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.11.053
Reangchim P, Saelee T, Itthibenchapong V, Junkaew A, Chanlek N, Eiad-ua A, Kungwan N, Faungnawakij K (2019) Role of Sn promoter in Ni/Al2O3 catalyst for the deoxygenation of stearic acid and coke formation: experimental and theoretical studies. Catal Sci Technol 9:3361–3372. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CY00268E
Rogers KA, Zheng Y (2019) Decomposition of glucose with in situ deoxygenation in a low H2 pressure environment – part I: Monometallic catalysts. Appl Catal A Gen 569:75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2018.10.015
Shamanaev IV, Deliy IV, Gerasimov EY, Pakharukova VP, Bukhtiyarova GA (2020) Enhancement of HDO activity of MoP/SiO2 catalyst in physical mixture with alumina or zeolites. Catalysts 10:45. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10010045
Silitonga AS, Shamsuddin AH, Mahlia TMI, Milano J, Kusumo F, Siswantoro J, Dharma S, Sebayang AH, Masjuki HH, Ong HC (2020) Biodiesel synthesis from Ceiba pentandra oil by microwave irradiation-assisted transesterification: ELM modeling and optimization. Renew Energy 146:1278–1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.07.065
Zheng A, Huang Z, Wei G, Zhao K, Jiang L, Zhao Z, Tian Y, Li H (2020) Controlling deoxygenation pathways in catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass and its components by using metal-oxide nanocomposites. iScience 23:100814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2019.100814
Zulkepli S, Lee HV, Rahman NA, Chuan LT, Show PL, Chen WH, Juan JC (2022) Highly active iron-promoted hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) for deoxygenation of triglycerides to green hydrocarbon-like biofuel. Fuel 308:121860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121860
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express their gratitude to research officers from chemical catalysis lab, NANOCAT (Universiti Malaya) and PUTRACAT (Universiti Putra Malaysia) for technical assistance and laboratory facilities.
Funding
The sources of funding provided by University of Malaya MOHE-Top 100 (IIRG)-IISS (IIRG002A-2020IISS), SATU Joint Research Scheme RU Grants (project number: ST026-2021) and Geran Galakan Penyelidik Muda (GGPM) 2020–15 were used for the purpose of design of the study and collection, analysis and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
NHBA conducted experimental work, investigation, data validation and writing-original draft of manuscript. NAM involved in conceptualization of study and manuscript writing, review and editing. YHTY provide resources, research facilities and manuscript writing and review and editing. HCO take role in manuscript writing, review and editing and resources supply. HVL involved in supervision, funding acquisition, project administration, and manuscript writing and review and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ta Yeong Wu
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abdullah, N.H.B., Mijan, N.A., Taufiq-Yap, Y.H. et al. Environment-friendly deoxygenation of non-edible Ceiba oil to liquid hydrocarbon biofuel: process parameters and optimization study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 51143–51152 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18508-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18508-4