Abstract
Sulfadiazine (SDZ) was a persistent sulfonamide antibiotic with a potential risk to human health. The waste dipping syrup was considered useless and environmentally unfriendly solution. In this work, carbonyl-, hydroxyl-, and amino-functionalized microporous carbonaceous nanospheres were synthesized using waste dipping syrup with glucose, fructose, and nitrogen, which was used as precursor for hydrothermal and pyrolysis process. The products were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the point of zero charge (PZC), Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The carbonaceous nanospheres with large BET surface area (924.528 m2/g), micropores (2.127 nm), and high micro-porosity (89.54 %) allowed the rapid diffusion of SDZ (0.512nm×0.738 nm) into micropores of nanospheres. The majority SDZ (initial concentration = 20 mg/L) was removed (>96.8%) in the presence of 1.0 g/L nanoparticles after 40-min reaction at pH = 6.0. The adsorption capacity of SDZ onto nanospheres was 96.6 mg/g. The adsorption kinetic and equilibrium followed pseudo-first-order model and Langmuir isotherm, respectively. The intra-particle diffusion model indicated a three-step adsorption process. In addition, the regenerated nanospheres could be reused over four recycles. The optimal fabrication was realized at lower hydrothermal and pyrolysis temperature of 180 °C and 400 °C, respectively, which involved no additional chemical activating agent and had a high yield (70.8 %). Collectively, hydroxylation, carboxylation, amination, large specific surface area, and multi-microporosity may be responsible for improved adsorption performance of SDZ onto nanospheres. The findings provided a novel pathway for SDZ-loading wastewater treatment using waste syrup.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21175115, 22074058), Project of Industry-University-Research Cooperation of Fujian Province (2019Y4010) and the Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2018J01437).
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21175115, 22074058), Project of Industry-University-Research Cooperation of Fujian Province (2019Y4010) and the Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2018J01437).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Xiaohong Hu, Yang Huang, Zhong Pan and Qiao Li. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Xiaohong Hu and Weiwei Lin. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Hu, X., Huang, Y., Pan, Z. et al. Preparation of carbonyl, hydroxyl, and amino-functionalized microporous carbonaceous nanospheres from syrup-based waste to remove sulfamethazine. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 27688–27702 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18375-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18375-5