Abstract
In this study, the concentration of ambient persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured for 12 months in urban and semi-urban areas using a passive air sampler. During the sampling period, a total of 14 PAH (∑14PAH) concentrations measured in urban and semi-urban areas were found to be 54.4 ± 22.6 ng/m3 and 51.7 ± 34.3 ng/m3, respectively. Molecular diagnostic ratios (MDRs) were used to determine PAH sources. According to the MDR values, combustion sources were the most important PAH sources in both sampling areas. However, since the urban area is close to the industrial zone, the combustion sources occurred at high temperatures (> 800 °C), while the sources in the semi-urban area generally consisted of petrogenic fuel combustion. ∑50PCB concentrations measured in the urban and semi-urban areas were found to be 522.5 ± 196.9 pg/m3 and 439.5 ± 166.6 pg/m3, respectively. Homologous group distributions were used to determine the source of PCBs. According to the homologous group distributions, tri-, tetra-, and penta-chlorinated PCBs were dominant in both sampling areas. ∑10OCP concentrations measured in urban and semi-urban areas were found as 242.5 ± 104.6 pg/m3 and 275.9 ± 130.9 pg/m3, respectively. Also, α-HCH/γ-HCH and β-/(α + γ)-HCH ratios were used to determine the source of OCPs. Lindane was the predominant OCP in both sampling areas.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Emine Gurkan Ayyildiz for her help during the sampling section.
Funding
This study was supported by the Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council (TÜBİTAK) (project number 116Y208) and the Bursa Uludag University Scientific Research Projects, Turkey (Project No: OUAP (MH)-2020/8).
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Mehmet Ferhat Sari: methodology, software, formal analysis, writing (original draft), data curation.
Fatma Esen: methodology, data curation, writing (original draft), writing (review and editing), visualization, supervision.
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Sari, M.F., Esen, F. Atmospheric concentration, spatial variations, and source identification of persistent organic pollutants in urban and semi-urban areas using passive air samplers in Bursa, Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 32082–32092 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17987-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17987-1