Abstract
This study investigated the human biomonitoring of heavy metals in the water, sediments, and tissues of mostly consumed fish species using Turkmen pregnant women’s biomarkers in winter 2019, at the Miankaleh Peninsula, north of Iran. Metal concentrations were measured in various fish organs as well as pregnant women’s blood, hair, and nail as biological indicators. For this purpose, a total of 20 water and sediment, 14 fish, and 16 human samples were collected. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to evaluate the concentration of Cr, Co, Cu, As, Hg, and Pb. Results showed metals with the highest concentrations as Cu and Cr in water (93.35 and 80.91 µg/l, respectively), Hg and Pb in sediment (7.40 µg/g for both), Cu and Pb in the liver (27.00 and 18.9 µg/g for C. carpio; 1414 and 31.7 µg/g for L. auratus), muscle (10.00 and 18.80 for C. carpio; 37.20 and 8.27 µg/g for L. auratus), and skin (26.40 and 9.90 for C. carpio; 10.80 and 11.74 µg/g for L. auratus). In addition, Cu, in pregnant women samples, had the highest values at 2.53 mg/l, 8.87, 36.46, and 29.04 µg/g for blood, hair, fingernail, and toenail, respectively. However, Co showed the lowest concentration in all studied samples. Fish liver and fingernail of pregnant women did reveal the highest heavy metal accumulation, whereas fish muscle and blood of pregnant women had the lowest accumulated heavy metals. The concentration of Hg in water, sediment, fish muscle, and women’s blood and hair exceeded the limits suggested by various organizations. Therefore, this study highlighted that heavy metal concentration, in particular Hg, in water, sediments, and fish is a serious risk to the health of local inhabitants who rely on fisheries products and recommended that necessary information should be provided to warn Turkmen pregnant women in consumption of Hg-contaminated fish in this area.
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Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully thank the Mazandaran Department of Environment for sampling permissions in the Miankaleh Wetland, and the respective park rangers and staff are also sincerely appreciated for their assistance in the sampling process. We also appreciate the Golestan University of Medical Sciences and its respective health experts in Bandar Torkaman county for permissions and assistance in human samplings approved by IR.GOUMS.REC.2019.126 ethics code number as well.
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Abbas Esmaili-sari, supervision, conceptualization, data validation; Zahra Shaabani, writing—first draft, investigation, lab-based analysis, field sampling; Ali Mashinchian Moradi, data curation, graphical, visualization; Lobat Taghavi, data analyzing, software operations; Forough Farsad, revisions, editing and English corrections.
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Human biomonitoring was performed based on the protocol specified by the Medical Ethical Committee of Iran in collaboration with the staff of the health center “Ethical Committee of Golestan University of Medical Sciences (IR.GOUMS.REC.2019.126).” Ethical principles and privacy were fully considered in this study.
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A written informed consent was received from the participants while completing the questionnaire. Turkmen pregnant women from two villages, Qharesou and Chapaqli, living in the northern part of Miankaleh wetland participate in this study.
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Shaabani, Z., Esmaili-sari, A., Moradi, A.M. et al. Possible health risk assessment for heavy metal concentrations in water, sediment, and fish species and Turkmen pregnant women’s biomonitoring in Miankaleh Peninsula, Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 37187–37203 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17894-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17894-5