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A modified approach to quantify aquifer vulnerability to pollution towards sustainable groundwater management in Irrigated Indus Basin

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Abstract

The quality of groundwater in the study watershed has worsened because of industrial effluents and residential wastes from the urbanized cities; therefore, there is an important need to explore the aquifer vulnerability to pollution for sustainable groundwater management in the Irrigated Indus Basin (IIB). This study proposed a novel methodology to quantify groundwater vulnerability using two fully independent methodologies: the first by reintroducing an improved recharge factor (R) map and the second by incorporating three different weight and rating schemes into a traditional DRASTIC framework to improve the performance of the DRASTIC approach. In the current study, we composed a recharge map from Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) output (namely SWAT recharge map) with a drainage density map to retrieve an improved composite recharge map (SWAT-CRM). SWAT-CRM along with other thematic layers was combined using weightage overlay analysis to prepare the maps of groundwater vulnerability index (VI). The weight scale (w) and rating scale (r) were assigned based on a survey of available literature, and we then amended them using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and a probability frequency ratio (PFR) technique. Results depicted that the region under high groundwater vulnerability was found to be 5–22% using traditional recharge maps, while those are 9–23% using improved SWAT-CRM. The area under the curve (AUC) revealed that groundwater vulnerability zones predicted with SWAT-CRM outperformed the DRASTIC model applied with the traditional recharge map. Groundwater electrical conductivity (EC) was>2500 mS/cm in the high groundwater vulnerability zones, while it was <1000 mS/cm in the low groundwater vulnerability zones. The outcomes of this study can be used to improve the sustainability of the groundwater resources in IIB through proper land-use management practices.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from Arfan Arshad [ aarshad@oksate.edu], upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr. Joel who provided us Arsenic data scattered over 1259 arsenic test locations in the Irrigated Indus Basin. The authors extend their thanks to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through the large research groups under grant number RGP. 2/173/42.

Funding

This research work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University under Grant number RGP. 2/173/42.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Umar, Shahbaz Nasir Khan, Rana Ammar Aslam, Hafiz Muhammad Safdar Khan, Haroon Rashid & Abdul Nasir

  2. Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA

    Arfan Arshad

  3. Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Arfan Arshad

  4. Institute of Applied Technology, Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam

    Quoc Bao Pham

  5. Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 34200, Pakistan

    Rabeea Noor

  6. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia

    Khaled Mohamed Khedher

  7. Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Technological Studies, Mrezgua University Campus, 8000, Nabeul, Tunisia

    Khaled Mohamed Khedher

  8. HUTECH University, 475A, Dien Bien Phu, Ward 25, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Duong Tran Anh

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Contributions

Conceptualization, Muhammad Umar and Arfan Arshad; methodology, Abdul Nasir, Muhammad Umar, Arfan Arshad, and Shahbaz Nasir Khan; supervision, Duong Tran Anh, Shahbaz Nasir Khan, Arfan Arshad, and Rana Ammar Aslam; formal analysis, Haroon Rashid, Muhammad Umar, Arfan Arshad, Shahbaz Nasir Khan, and Khaled Mohamed Khedher; writing (original draft preparation), Duong Tran Anh, Hafiz Muhammad Safdar Khan, Muhammad Umar, Arfan Arshad, and Shahbaz Nasir Khan; writing (review and editing), Duong Tran Anh, Abdul Nasir, Muhammad Umar, Arfan Arshad, Shahbaz Nasir Khan, Rana Ammar Aslam, Rabeea Noor, Quoc Bao Pham, Hafiz Muhammad Safdar Khan, Haroon Rashid, Rabeea Noor, and Khaled Mohamed Khedher .

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Correspondence to Shahbaz Nasir Khan or Duong Tran Anh.

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Umar, M., Khan, S.N., Arshad, A. et al. A modified approach to quantify aquifer vulnerability to pollution towards sustainable groundwater management in Irrigated Indus Basin. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 27257–27278 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17882-9

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