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The influence of salinity on the toxicity of remediated seawater

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Abstract  

Mercury (Hg) is one of the most hazardous pollutants, due to its toxicity, biological magnification and worldwide persistence in aquatic systems. Thus, new efficient nanotechnologies (e.g. graphene oxide functionalized with polyethyleneimine (GO-PEI)) have been developed to remove this metal from the water. Aquatic environments, in particular transitional systems, are also subjected to disturbances resulting from climate change, such as salinity shifts. Salinity is one of the most relevant factors that influences the distribution and survival of aquatic species such as mussels. To our knowledge, no studies assessed the ecotoxicological impairments induced in marine organisms exposed to remediate seawater (RSW) under different salinity levels. For this, the focus of the present study was to evaluate the effects of seawater previously contaminated with Hg and remediated with GO-PEI, using the species Mytilus galloprovincialis, maintained at three different salinities (30, 20 and 40). The results obtained demonstrated similar histopathological and metabolic alterations, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in mussels under RSW treatment at stressful salinity conditions (20 and 40) in comparison to control salinity (30). On the other hand, the present findings revealed toxicological effects including cellular damage and histopathological impairments in mussels exposed to Hg contaminated seawater in comparison to non-contaminated ones, at each salinity level. Overall, these results confirm the high efficiency of GO-PEI to sorb Hg from water with no noticeable toxic effects even under different salinities, leading to consider it a promising eco-friendly approach to remediate contaminated water.

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Data Availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).

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Acknowledgements

Thanks are due for the financial support to CESAM, REQUIMTE and TEMA (UIDB/50017/2020 + UIDP/50017/2020 and UID/QUI/50006/2013, UIDB/00481/2020 + UIDP/00481/2020, respectively) and to FCT/MEC through national funds, and the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020.

Funding

This work was funded by national funds (OE), through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, of July 19. This work was also financially supported by the project BISPECIAl: BIvalveS under Polluted Environment and ClImate chAnge (POCI-01–0145-FEDER-028425) funded by FEDER, through COMPETE2020—Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI), and by national funds (OE), through FCT/MCTES. This work was also supported by the budgets of the Regional Operational Program of the Center and national funds (CENTRO-01–0145-FEDER-030513) in its FEDER component and the Foundation for Science and Technology in its State Budget, PTDC/NAN- MAT/30513/2017 (project H2OValue). Francesca Coppola benefited from a PhD grant (SFRH/BD/118582/2016) given by the National Funds through the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT), supported by FSE and Programa Operacional Capital Humano (POCH) e da União Europeia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Francesca Coppola, Amadeu M. V. M. Soares & Rosa Freitas

  2. Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy

    Tania Russo & Gianluca Polese

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering & TEMA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Paula A. A. P. Marques

  4. Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Eduarda Pereira

Authors
  1. Francesca Coppola
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  2. Tania Russo
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  3. Amadeu M. V. M. Soares
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  4. Paula A. A. P. Marques
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  5. Gianluca Polese
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  6. Eduarda Pereira
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  7. Rosa Freitas
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Contributions

Rosa Freitas and Gianluca Polese supervised the students (Francesca Coppola, Tania Russo) in all biochemical and histopathological assays. Eduarda Pereira and Paula Marques supervised the student Francesca Coppola in all Hg quantifications and synthesis and characterization of nanomaterial. Coppola Francesca performed all laboratory exposures and chemical, biochemical and histopathological analyses. Amadeus M.V.M. Soares financed the resources.

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Correspondence to Rosa Freitas.

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Coppola, F., Russo, T., Soares, A.M.V.M. et al. The influence of salinity on the toxicity of remediated seawater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 32967–32987 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17745-3

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