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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Does energy consumption, economic growth, urbanization, and population growth influence carbon emissions in the BRICS? Evidence from panel models robust to cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity

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This article was retracted on 28 March 2024

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Abstract

This paper examined the nexus between economic growth, energy consumption, urbanization, population growth, and carbon emissions in the BRICS economies from 1990 to 2019. In order to yield valid and reliable outcomes, modern econometric techniques that are vigorous to cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity were employed. From the findings, the studied panel was heterogeneous and cross-sectionally dependent. Also, all the series were first differenced stationary and co-integrated in the long run. The Augmented Mean Group (AMG) and the Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) estimators were employed to estimate the elastic effects of the predictors on the explained variable, and from the output of both estimators, energy consumption worsened environmental quality via high carbon emissions. Also, the AMG estimator affirmed economic growth to be a significantly positive determinant of carbon emissions. However, both estimators confirmed urbanization and population growth as trivial predictors of the emissivities of carbon. On the causal connections amidst the series, there was bidirectional causality between economic growth and carbon emissions, between energy consumption and economic growth, between economic growth and population growth, between energy consumption and urbanization, and between economic growth and urbanization. Lastly, a causation from urbanization to carbon emissions was unfolded. Policy implications are further discussed.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Change history

Abbreviations

EC:

Energy consumption

GDP:

Economic growth

UR:

Urbanization

PP:

Population

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

BRICS:

Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

CCEMG:

Common Correlated Effects Mean Group

AMG:

Augmented Mean Group

WDI:

World Development Indicators

UN:

United Nations

EKC:

Environmental Kuznets curve

ARDL:

Autoregressive distributed lag

FMOLS:

Fully modified ordinary least squares

DOLS:

Dynamic ordinary least squares

ECM:

Error correction model

MRIO:

Multi-regional input–output

VECM:

Vector error correction model

NMVGM:

Novel multi-variable grey model

3SLS:

Three-stage least square method

OLS:

Ordinary least square

CADF:

Cross-sectionally augmented Dickey–Fuller

CIPS:

Cross-sectional Im, Pesaran, and Shin

VIF:

Variance inflation factor

EU:

European Union

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Funding

This work is supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China (NSSFC) (18GLB255).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China

    Hao Chen, Evelyn Agba Tackie, Isaac Ahakwa & Samuel Atingabili

  2. Department of Accounting, Banking and Finance, Faculty of IT Business, Ghana Communication Technology University, Accra, Ghana

    Mohammed Musah

  3. Department of Management Studies, School of Business and Law, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana

    Andrews Salakpi

  4. Department of Accounting Studies Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Kumasi, Ghana

    Morrison Alfred

Authors
  1. Hao Chen
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  2. Evelyn Agba Tackie
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  3. Isaac Ahakwa
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  4. Mohammed Musah
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  5. Andrews Salakpi
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  6. Morrison Alfred
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  7. Samuel Atingabili
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Contributions

H.C. supervised the study. E.A.T. conceptualized and wrote the final manuscript. I.A. aided in drafting the original manuscript. M.M. helped in analysis and discussion. A.S. analyzed the data and aided in discussions. M.A. contributed data. S.A. helped in editing the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Evelyn Agba Tackie.

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This article has been retracted. Please see the retraction notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33122-2"

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Chen, H., Tackie, E.A., Ahakwa, I. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Does energy consumption, economic growth, urbanization, and population growth influence carbon emissions in the BRICS? Evidence from panel models robust to cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 37598–37616 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17671-4

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