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Spatiotemporal valuation of cultural and natural landscapes contributing to Pakistan’s cultural ecosystem services

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Abstract

Cultural ecosystem services are the non-material benefits that people obtain from ecosystems and these services are subject to tremendous anthropogenic and climatic pressures. This study evaluates the spatiotemporal economic valuation of selected cultural and natural landscapes in Pakistan using net present value method. The results indicate that both cultural landscapes and mountain ecosystems are the most significant contributors to Pakistan’s cultural ecosystem services. The net present value of our study area was USD 96/ha, while this value is ranged from USD 0.000242/ha to USD 138,997/ha in the 42 previous studies selected for comparison. Service flow, population, and visitor numbers were the most significant indicators of cultural ecosystem services. The promotion of cultural ecosystem services as an inclusive service and the application of discounted rates are identified as key approaches for ensuring sustainable resource use and enhanced intergenerational benefits by incorporating cultural ecosystem services into the national policy framework.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the respective organizations for providing the data. This study was supported by the ‘GEF, Biodiversity Conservation Project Qinghai’, project number ‘Y55M1200AL’.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, 15100, Pakistan

    Arshad Ali Shedayi

  2. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    Arshad Ali Shedayi & Ming Xu

  3. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Grant F. Walton Center for Remote Sensing & Spatial Analysis, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University 14 College Farm Road New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8551, USA

    Ming Xu

  4. The James Hutton Institute Craigibuckler, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB15 8QH, UK

    Julen Gonalez-Redin

  5. Department of Development Studies, Karakoram International University Hunza Campus, Karimabad, Hunza, Gilgit, Baltistan, Pakistan

    Amjad Ali

  6. Sustainable Development Study Center, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan

    Laila Shahzad

  7. Department of Computer Sciences, Karakoram International University Gilgit-Baltistan, Gilgit, Pakistan

    Sabit Rahim

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AAS and MX conceived and designed the study; AAS collected data, analysed, and wrote the manuscript. JGR, AA, LS, and SR reviewed, edited, and offered feedback. MX approved for submission.

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Correspondence to Ming Xu.

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Shedayi, A.A., Xu, M., Gonalez-Redin, J. et al. Spatiotemporal valuation of cultural and natural landscapes contributing to Pakistan’s cultural ecosystem services. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 41834–41848 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17611-2

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