Abstract
In order to achieve the goal of sustainable green economic development, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the efficiency of the green economy and compare it with emission reductions. The green economy idea is a much-discussed solution to economic growth. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of government spending on the performance of the green economy of various countries under the “Belt and Road” (BRI) initiative project. The data were analyzed using the BRI economy panel data from 2008 to 2018. The generalized method of moments (GMM) was used to estimate the effect of government expenditures on education and research and development (R&D) on green economic performance index (GEE) in BRI countries. The results reveal that during the study period, BRI countries have experienced an upward transition towards green development, except for Pakistan and Bangladesh; their GEE decreased gradually from 2010 to 2018. Further, the findings of the system GMM revealed that both education and R&D have a positive impact on the green economy. Moreover, the compositional and technological effects of the overall sample were verified with the GMM process. Nevertheless, the sub-sample results revealed a heterogeneous impact on countries with a high per capita GDP. Following the results, useful policy measures for promoting sustainable green economic development have been proposed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data can be available on request.
References
Ahmad M, Jan I, Jabeen G, Alvarado R (2021b) Does energy-industry investment drive economic performance in regional China: Implications for sustainable development. Sustain Prod Consum 27:176–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.033
Ahmad M, Khan Z, Anser MK, Jabeen G (2021c) Do rural-urban migration and industrial agglomeration mitigate the environmental degradation across China’s regional development levels? Sustain Prod Consum 27:679–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.01.038
Ahmad M, Jabeen G, Irfan M, et al (2021a) Do inward foreign direct investment and economic development improve local environmental quality: aggregation bias puzzle. Environ Sci Pollut Res 34676–34696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12734-y
Akhtar S, Hashmi MK, Ahmad I, Raza R (2018) Advances and significance of solar reflectors in solar energy technology in Pakistan. Energy Environ 29:435–455
Akram R, Chen F, Khalid F et al (2021) Heterogeneous effects of energy efficiency and renewable energy on economic growth of BRICS countries: A fixed effect panel quantile regression analysis. Energy 215:119019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119019
Al AAAMH, Gang FZ, Iqbal W et al (2019) Novel approach of Principal Component Analysis method to assess the national energy performance via Energy Trilemma Index. Energy Rep 5:704–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.06.009
Álvarez-Herránz A, Balsalobre D, Cantos JM, Shahbaz M (2017) Energy Innovations-GHG Emissions Nexus: Fresh Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries. Energy Policy 101:90–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.030
Aly A, Jensen SS, Pedersen AB (2017) Solar power potential of Tanzania: Identifying CSP and PV hot spots through a GIS multicriteria decision making analysis. Renew Energy 113:159–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.05.077
An H, Razzaq A, Haseeb M, Mihardjo LW (2021b) The role of technology innovation and people’s connectivity in testing environmental Kuznets curve and pollution heaven hypotheses across the Belt and Road host countries: new evidence from Method of Moments Quantile Regression. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(5):5254–5270
An H, Razzaq A, Nawaz A, Noman SM, Khan SAR (2021) Nexus between green logistic operations and triple bottom line: evidence from infrastructure-led Chinese outward foreign direct investment in Belt and Road host countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–24
Asbahi AAMH Al, Gang FZ, Iqbal W et al (2019) Novel approach of Principal Component Analysis method to assess the national energy performance via Energy Trilemma Index. Energy Reports 5:704–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.06.009
Aunsary MN, Chen BC (2019) Sustainable water treatment management. Water Conservation and Management 3(2):11–13. https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2019.11.13
Bose N, Haque ME, Osborn DR (2007) Public expenditure and economic growth: A disaggregated analysis for developing countries. The Manchester School 75(5):533–556. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.2007.01028.x
Brady M (2003) The relative cost-efficiency of arable nitrogen management in Sweden. Ecol Econ 47:53–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2002.11.001
Chandio AA, Jiang Y, Akram W et al (2021) Addressing the effect of climate change in the framework of financial and technological development on cereal production in Pakistan. J Clean Prod 288:125637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125637
Chen Y, Liu S, Wu H et al (2020) How can Belt and Road countries contribute to glocal low-carbon development? J Clean Prod 256:120717. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.120717
Chen R, Cheng Y, Wang P et al (2021a) Enhanced removal of Co(II) and Ni(II) from high-salinity aqueous solution using reductive self-assembly of three-dimensional magnetic fungal hyphal/graphene oxide nanofibers. Sci Total Environ 756:143871. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.143871
Chen R, Cheng Y, Wang P et al (2021b) Facile synthesis of a sandwiched Ti3C2Tx MXene/nZVI/fungal hypha nanofiber hybrid membrane for enhanced removal of Be(II) from Be(NH2)2 complexing solutions. Chem Eng J 421:129682. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2021.129682
Chen Y, Kumara EK, Sivakumar V (2021) Investigation of Finance industry on risk awareness model and digital economic growth. Ann Oper Res 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-04287-7
Elavarasan RM, Leoponraj S, Dheeraj A, Irfan M, Gangaram Sundar G, Mahesh GK (2021a) PV-Diesel-Hydrogen fuel cell based grid connected configurations for an institutional building using BWM framework and cost optimization algorithm. SustainEnergy Technol Assessments 43:100934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2020.100934
Elavarasan RM, Pugazhendhi R, Shafiullah GM et al (2021b) A hover view over effectual approaches on pandemic management for sustainable cities – The endowment of prospective technologies with revitalization strategies. Sustain Cities Soc 68:102789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102789
Fan S, Wang Y, Cao S, Sun T, Liu P (2021) A novel method for analyzing the effect of dust accumulation on energy efficiency loss in photovoltaic (PV) system. Energy (Oxford) 234:121112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121112
Fatima N, Li Y, Ahmad M et al (2021) Factors influencing renewable energy generation development : a way to environmental sustainability. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14256-z
Feng J, Liu Z, Feng L (2021) Identifying opportunities for sustainable business models in manufacturing: Application of patent analysis and generative topographic mapping. Sustain Prod Consum 27:509–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SPC.2021.01.021
Gao X, Wang S, Ahmad F et al (2021) The nexus between misallocation of land resources and green technological innovation: a novel investigation of Chinese cities. Clean Technol Environ Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02107-x
Gilbert J, Wahl T (2001) Export restrictions, urban unemployment, and the location of processing activities. Econ Lett 71:105–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(00)00407-9
Głodowska A, Pera B (2019) On the relationship between economic integration, business environment and real convergence: The experience of the CEE countries. Economies 7.https://doi.org/10.3390/economies7020054
Hansen LP (1982) Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators. Econometrica 50:1029. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912775
Hao LN, Umar M, Khan Z, Ali W (2021) Green growth and low carbon emission in G7 countries: How critical the network of environmental taxes, renewable energy and human capital is? Sci Total Environ 752:141853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141853
Hao Y, Gai Z, Yan G, et al (2020) The spatial spillover effect and nonlinear relationship analysis between environmental decentralization, government corruption and air pollution: Evidence from China. Sci Total Environ 144183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144183
He X, Adebayo TS, Kirikkaleli D, Umar M (2021a) Consumption-based carbon emissions in Mexico: An analysis using the dual adjustment approach. Sustain Prod Consum 27:947–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.02.020
He L, Chen Y, Li J (2018) A three-level framework for balancing the tradeoffs among the energy, water, and air-emission implications within the life-cycle shale gas supply chains. In: Resour Conserv Recycl https://doi.org/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921344918300624. Accessed 20 Apr 2021
He X, Zhang T, Xue Q, et al (2021b) Enhanced adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solution by polyethyleneimine modified straw hydrochar. Sci Total Environ 778.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146116
Hou Y, Iqbal W, Shaikh GM et al (2019) Measuring energy efficiency and environmental performance: A case of South Asia. Processes 7:325. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7060325
Huntington HG (2015) Crude oil trade and current account deficits. Energy Econ 50:70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.03.030
Iqbal N, Abbasi KR, Shinwari R, et al (2021a) Does exports diversification and environmental innovation achieve carbon neutrality target of OECD economies? J Environ Manage 291
Iqbal W, Tang YM, Chau KY, et al (2021b) Nexus between air pollution and NCOV-2019 in China: Application of negative binomial regression analysis. Process Saf Environ Prot 150.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.04.039
Irfan M, Zhao ZY, Ahmad M, Mukeshimana MC (2019) Critical factors influencing wind power industry: A diamond model based study of India. Energy Rep 5:1222–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.08.068
Irfan M, Hao Y, Ikram M et al (2020a) Assessment of the public acceptance and utilization of renewable energy in Pakistan. Sustain Prod Consum 27:312–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.031
Irfan M, Zhao ZY, Ikram M et al (2020c) Assessment of India’s energy dynamics: Prospects of solar energy. J Renew Sustain Energy 12:053701. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5140236
Irfan M, Zhao ZY, Li H, Rehman A (2020d) The influence of consumers’ intention factors on willingness to pay for renewable energy: a structural equation modeling approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:21747–21761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08592-9
Irfan M, Zhao ZY, Rehman A et al (2020e) Consumers’ intention-based influence factors of renewable energy adoption in Pakistan: a structural equation modeling approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:432–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10504-w
Irfan M, Elavarasan RM, Hao Y et al (2021b) An assessment of consumers’ willingness to utilize solar energy in china: End-users’ perspective. J Clean Prod 292:126008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126008
Irfan M, Hao Y, Panjwani MK, et al (2020b) Competitive assessment of South Asia’s wind power industry: SWOT analysis and value chain combined model. Energy Strateg Rev 32.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100540
Irfan M, Ahmad M, Fareed Z, et al (2021a) On the indirect environmental outcomes of COVID-19 : Short-term revival with futuristic long-term implications. Int J Environ Health Res 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2021.1874888
Işık C, Ahmad M, Ongan S et al (2021) Convergence analysis of the ecological footprint: theory and empirical evidence from the USMCA countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:32648–32659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12993-9
Jabeen G, Yan Q, Ahmad M et al (2019) Consumers’ intention-based influence factors of renewable power generation technology utilization: A structural equation modeling approach. J Clean Prod 237:117737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117737
Jabeen G, Yan Q, Ahmad M et al (2020) Household-based critical influence factors of biogas generation technology utilization: A case of Punjab province of Pakistan. Renew Energy 154:650–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.049
Jabeen G, Ahmad M, Zhang Q (2021) Perceived critical factors affecting consumers’ intention to purchase renewable generation technologies: Rural-urban heterogeneity. Energy 218:119494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119494
Jan A, Xin-gang Z, Ahmad M et al (2021) Do economic openness and electricity consumption matter for environmental deterioration: silver bullet or a stake? Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14562-6
Ji X, Umar M, Ali S et al (2021) Does fiscal decentralization and eco-innovation promote sustainable environment? A case study of selected fiscally decentralized countries. Sustain Dev 29:79–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2132
Jian F, Zhenfeng L, Lijie F (2021) Identifying opportunities for sustainable business models in manufacturing: Application of patent analysis and generative topographic mapping. Sustainable Production and Consumption 27:509–522.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.01.021
Jin W, Zhou C, Luo L (2018) Impact of land input on economic growth at different stages of development in Chinese cities and regions. Sustain 10:2847. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082847
Khan I, Hou F, Irfan M et al (2021) Does energy trilemma a driver of economic growth? The roles of energy use, population growth, and financial development. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 146:111157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111157
Li J, Wang F, He Y (2020) Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Battery Swapping Considering Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions. Sustain 12:10537. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU122410537
Li J, Hu Z, Shi V, Wang Q (2021a) Manufacturer’s encroachment strategy with substitutable green products. Int J Prod Econ 235:108102. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJPE.2021.108102
Li X, Zhang C, Zhang B et al (2021c) Nitrogen deposition and increased precipitation interact to affect fine root production and biomass in a temperate forest: Implications for carbon cycling. Sci Total Environ 765:144497. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.144497
Li X, Zhang C, Zhang B et al (2021d) Canopy and understory nitrogen addition have different effects on fine root dynamics in a temperate forest: implications for soil carbon storage. New Phytol 231:1377–1386. https://doi.org/10.1111/NPH.17460
Li Y, Yang X, Ran Q et al (2021e) Energy structure, digital economy, and carbon emissions: evidence from China. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15304-4
Li X, Li Z, Jia T, et al (2021b) The sense of community revisited in Hankow, China: Combining the impacts of perceptual factors and built environment attributes. Cities 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103108
Lin B, Zhu J (2019) Fiscal spending and green economic growth: Evidence from China. Energy Econ 83:264–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.07.010
Liu Z, Zhang H, Zhang YJ, Qin CX (2020) How does income inequality affect energy efficiency? Empirical evidence from 33 Belt and Road Initiative countries. J Clean Prod 269:122421. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.122421
Lv K, Feng X, Kelly S et al (2019) A study on embodied carbon transfer at the provincial level of China from a social network perspective. J Clean Prod 225:1089–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.233
Lv X, Wu A (2021) The role of extraordinary sensory experiences in shaping destination brand love: an empirical study. J Travel Tour Mark 38(2):179–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1889447
Lv D, Gao H, Zhang Y (2021) Rural Economic Development Based on Shift-Share Analysis in a Developing Country: A Case Study in Heilongjiang Province, China. Sustain 13:1969. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13041969
Mani PK, Mandal A, Mandal D et al (2021) Assessment of non-Carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks due to ingestion of vegetables grown under sewage water irrigated soils near a 33 years old landfill site in Kolkata, India. Expo Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00407-7
Montalbano P, Nenci S (2019) Energy efficiency, productivity and exporting: Firm-level evidence in Latin America. Energy Econ 79:97–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.03.033
Orlov A, Aaheim A (2017) Economy-wide effects of international and Russia’s climate policies. Energy Econ 68:466–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.09.019
Paramesh V, Arunachalam V, Nikkhah A, Das B, Ghnimi S (2018) Optimization of energy consumption and environmental impacts of arecanut production through coupled data envelopment analysis and life cycle assessment. J Clean Prod 203:674–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.263
Pardo-Bosch F, Cervera C, Ysa T (2019) Key aspects of building retrofitting: Strategizing sustainable cities. J Environ Manage 248.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.07.018
Pesaran MH (2007) A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. J Appl Econom 22:265–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
Pollin R, Heintz J, Garrett-Peltier H (2009) The Economic Benefits of Investing in Clean Energy: How the economic stimulus program and new legislation can boost US economic growth and employment (No. economic_benefits). Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts at Amherst
Qi S, Peng H, Zhang X, Tan X (2019) Is energy efficiency of Belt and Road Initiative countries catching up or falling behind? Evidence from a panel quantile regression approach. Appl Energy 253:113581. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2019.113581
Qiao G, Ding L, Zhang L, Yan H (2021) Accessible tourism: a bibliometric review (2008–2020). Tourism Review (Association internationale d'experts scientifiques du tourisme). https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-12-2020-0619
Razzaq A, Sharif A, Aziz N et al (2020) Asymmetric link between environmental pollution and COVID-19 in the top ten affected states of US: A novel estimations from quantile-on-quantile approach. Environ Res 191:110189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110189
Rehman A, Ma H, Ozturk I et al (2021) Another outlook to sector-level energy consumption in Pakistan from dominant energy sources and correlation with economic growth. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:33735–33750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09245-7
Saghafifar M, Gadalla M (2017) Thermo-economic optimization of hybrid solar Maisotsenko bottoming cycles using heliostat field collector: Comparative analysis. Appl Energy 190:686–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.165
Sandberg M, Klockars K, Wilén K (2019) Green growth or degrowth? Assessing the normative justifications for environmental sustainability and economic growth through critical social theory. J Clean Prod 206:133–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.175
Shahbaz M, Lahiani A, Abosedra S, Hammoudeh S (2018) The role of globalization in energy consumption: A quantile cointegrating regression approach. Energy Econ 71:161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.02.009
Shan S, Ahmad M, Tan Z et al (2021) The role of energy prices and non-linear fiscal decentralization in limiting carbon emissions: Tracking environmental sustainability. Energy 234:121243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121243
Shuai S, Fan Z (2020) Modeling the role of environmental regulations in regional green economy efficiency of China: Empirical evidence from super efficiency DEA-Tobit model. J Environ Manage 261.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110227
Sovacool BK (2017) Contestation, contingency, and justice in the Nordic low-carbon energy transition. Energy Policy 102:569–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.12.045
Sun H, Edziah BK, Song X et al (2020) Estimating Persistent and Transient Energy Efficiency in Belt and Road Countries: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis. Energies 13:3837. https://doi.org/10.3390/EN13153837
Tanveer A, Zeng S, Irfan M (2021) Do Perceived Risk, Perception of Self-Efficacy, and Openness to Technology Matter for Solar PV Adoption ? An Application of the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior. Energies 14:5008. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14165008
Teixeira AAC, Queirós ASS (2016) Economic growth, human capital and structural change: A dynamic panel data analysis. Res Policy 45:1636–1648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.04.006
Umar M, Ji X, Kirikkaleli D et al (2020a) Environmental cost of natural resources utilization and economic growth: Can China shift some burden through globalization for sustainable development? Sustain Dev 28:1678–1688. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2116
Umar M, Ji X, Kirikkaleli D, Xu Q (2020b) COP21 Roadmap: Do innovation, financial development, and transportation infrastructure matter for environmental sustainability in China? J Environ Manage 271:111026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111026
Umar M, Ji X, Kirikkaleli D, Alola AA (2021a) The imperativeness of environmental quality in the United States transportation sector amidst biomass-fossil energy consumption and growth. J Clean Prod 285:124863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124863
Umar M, Ji X, Mirza N, Naqvi B (2021b) Carbon neutrality, bank lending, and credit risk: Evidence from the Eurozone. J Environ Manage 296:113156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113156
Umar M, Ji X, Mirza N, Rahat B (2021c) The impact of resource curse on banking efficiency: Evidence from twelve oil producing countries. Resour Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102080
Wang L-W, Le K-D, Nguyen T-D (2019) Assessment of the Energy Efficiency Improvement of Twenty-Five Countries: A DEA Approach. Energies 12:1535. https://doi.org/10.3390/EN12081535
Wang H, Han Y, Fidrmuc J, Wei D (2021a) Confucius Institute, Belt and Road Initiative, and Internationalization. Int Rev Econ Financ 71:237–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IREF.2020.09.011
Wang KH, Umar M, Akram R, Caglar E (2021c) Is technological innovation making world “Greener”? An evidence from changing growth story of China. Technol Forecast Soc Change 165:120516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120516
Wang J, Wang W, Ran Q, et al (2021b) Analysis of the mechanism of the impact of internet development on green economic growth: evidence from 269 prefecture cities in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–15.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16381-1
Wu G, Zhang YJ (2014) Does China factor matter? An econometric analysis of international crude oil prices. Energy Policy 72:78–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.04.026
Xiang D, Zhang Y, Worthington AC (2021) Determinants of the use of Fintech finance among Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises. IEEE Trans Eng Manag 68(6):1590–1604. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2020.2989136
Yan G, Peng Y, Hao Y et al (2021) Household head’ s educational level and household education expenditure in China: The mediating effect of social class identification. Int J Educ Dev 83:102400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102400
Yang LXZH (2010) Analysis on regional difference and convergence of... -. Economist 2:46–54
Yang C, Hao Y, Muhammad I (2021) Energy consumption structural adjustment and carbon neutrality in the post-COVID-19 era. Struct Chang Econ Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.06.017
Youdeowei PO, Nwankwoala HO, Desai DD (2019) Dam structures and types in Nigeria: Sustainability and effectiveness. Water Conservation and Management 3(1):20–26. https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.01.2019.20.26
Zhang YJ, Peng YL, Ma CQ, Shen B (2017) Can environmental innovation facilitate carbon emissions reduction? Evidence from China. Energy Policy 100:18–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.10.005
Zhang D, Mohsin M, Rasheed AK, et al (2021a) Public spending and green economic growth in BRI region: Mediating role of green finance. Energy Policy 153.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112256
Zhang Y, Abbas M, Koura YH, et al (2021b) The impact trilemma of energy prices, taxation, and population on industrial and residential greenhouse gas emissions in Europe. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10618-1
Zhao C, Zhang H, Zeng Y et al (2018) Total-Factor Energy Efficiency in BRI Countries: An Estimation Based on Three-Stage DEA Model. Sustain 10:278. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU10010278
Zhao X, Gu B, Gao F, Chen S (2020) Matching Model of Energy Supply and Demand of the Integrated Energy System in Coastal Areas. J Coast Res 103:983–989. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI103-205.1
Zhao P jun, Zeng L en, Lu H yan, et al (2020a) Green economic efficiency and its influencing factors in China from 2008 to 2017: Based on the super-SBM model with undesirable outputs and spatial Dubin model. In: Sci. Total Environ. https://doi.org/https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.lib.szu.edu.cn/science/article/pii/S0048969720335464#bb0370. Accessed 2 Aug 2021
Zhuang M, Zhu W, Huang L, Pan WT (2021) Research of influence mechanism of corporate social responsibility for smart cities on consumers' purchasing intention. Library Hi Tech. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-11-2020-0290
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Hou Yumei: conceptualization, data curation, methodology, writing—original draft. Wasim Iqbal: data curation, visualization, supervision, visualization, editing. Muhammad Irfan: writing—review & editing, and software. Arooj Fatima: writing—review & editing, and software.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
We declare that we have no human participants, human data, or human tissues.
Consent for publication
N/A
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yumei, H., Iqbal, W., Irfan, M. et al. The dynamics of public spending on sustainable green economy: role of technological innovation and industrial structure effects. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 22970–22988 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17407-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17407-4