Abstract
The current work aims to investigate the influence of fertilization (fertilizer) and fungal inoculation (Funneliformis mosseae and Serendipita indica (formerly Piriformospora indica), respectively arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) and endophytic fungi) on the phytoextraction potential of Arabidopsis halleri (L.) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz (biomass yield and/or aboveground part Zn and Cd concentrations) over one life plant cycle. The mycorrhizal rates of A. halleri were measured in situ while the fungal inoculation experiments were carried out under controlled conditions. For the first time, it is demonstrated that the fertilizer used on A. halleri increased its biomass not only at the rosette stage but also at the flowering and fruiting stages. Fertilizer reduced the Zn concentration variability between developmental stages and increased the Cd concentration at fruiting stage. A. halleri roots did not show AMF colonization at any stage in our field conditions, neither in the absence nor in the presence of fertilizer, thus suggesting that A. halleri is not naturally mycorrhizal. Induced mycorrhization agreed with this result. However, S. indica has been shown to successfully colonize A. halleri roots under controlled conditions. This study confirms the benefit of using fertilizer to increase the phytoextraction potential of A. halleri. Overall, these results contribute to the future applicability of A. halleri in a phytomanagement strategy by giving information on its cultural itinerary.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Creil conurbation, and particularly L Raphael Pardon (ACSO—Agglomération Creil Sud Oise) and JL Deremy (Mairie de Montataire), for providing access to the field site and technical support during the entire duration of the project. The authors are also grateful to Fabrice Richez for his technical contribution during the sampling campaigns and chemical analyses. We also thank the Solten company (https://solten.co.uk/en/) for improving the quality of the English text. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments, which greatly helped us to improve the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by national funds through PHYTOAGGLO and EXTRA-Zn projects (ADEME—Agence de la transition écologique, conventions no. 1072C0045, 2013‑2017 and 1972C0007, 2019‑2022). This work has also been carried out in the framework of the Alibiotech project which is financed by the European Union, the French State, and the French Region of Hauts-de-France. A. Grignet received grants from ADEME (no. TEZ17-21) and the Hauts-de-France Region.
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This collaboration work was carried out among all the authors. AG performed all the experiments reported in the manuscript, designed outlines, wrote the draft, performed the statistical analyses, and prepared the figures and tables of the manuscript. VB and AL discussed the original idea of the manuscript with AG. VB wrote some part of the manuscript, reviewed the scientific contents of the manuscript and was responsible for the funding acquisition (PHYTOAGGLO, EXTRA-Zn, and AG grant). AL and JF reviewed the manuscript. AG was assisted by ST for the experimental work and analyses. AP was responsible for the validation of the TE analyses. All authors read and approved the final submitted version of the manuscript.
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Grignet, A., Sahraoui, A.LH., Teillaud, S. et al. Phytoextraction of Zn and Cd with Arabidopsis halleri: a focus on fertilization and biological amendment as a means of increasing biomass and Cd and Zn concentrations. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 22675–22686 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17256-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17256-1