Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Probabilistic public health risks associated with pesticides and heavy metal exposure through consumption of common dried fish in coastal regions of Bangladesh

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The chemical contaminants in dried fish are of great food safety concern and an emerging public health issue in Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to assess the public health risk associated with exposure to pesticides (organochlorine and organophosphorus) and heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium, arsenic) through the consumption of dried fish (Bombay duck, ribbon fish, silver jewfish, shrimp, Chinese promfret) in coastal districts (Cox’s Bazar, Chittagong, Bhola, Patuakhali, Khulna) of Bangladesh. Dried fish consumption data were collected from 500 adult respondents (100 from each district) using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Pesticide residues were determined using QuEChERS extraction coupled to gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and heavy metals were estimated using an atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. The results revealed that the frequency and amount of dried fish consumption was highest for Bombay duck in Cox’s Bazar (11.57 g/capita/day) and ribbon fish (12.10 g/capita/day) in Chittagong. The estimated daily intake (EDI, 7.40 × 10−5 to 1.10 × 10−4 mg/kg/day) and health risk index (HRI, 0.013 to 0.16) values expressed no health risk from pesticide residues in all the positive samples. For heavy metals, target hazard quotients (THQ) for non-carcinogenic health risk were below 1 (0.001–0.154), indicating no health risk for all samples. However, carcinogenic risk R value indicated a potential health risk for chromium (2.64 × 10−6 to 4.06 × 10−6), and carcinogenic RT value (2.82 × 10−6 to 5.71 × 10−6) indicated a potential health risk for all the metals. It is concluded that the risk of exposure to pesticides through the consumption of dried fish is low, while heavy metals pose moderate-to-high health risks to dried fish consumers in the study area. Thus, the study suggests an appropriate risk management policy that controls pesticides and heavy metals in dried fish to ensure safe food for local and global consumers, underpinned by a producers’ capacity building and consumers’ awareness raising strategy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets of the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Ahmed MK, Shaheen N, Islam MS, Habibullah-al-Mamun M, Islam S, Mohiduzzaman M, Bhattacharjee L (2015) Dietary intake of trace elements from highly consumed cultured fish (Labeo rohita, Pangasius pangasius and Oreochromis mossambicus) and human health risk implications in Bangladesh. Chemosphere 128:284–292p

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akter S, Fardous Z, Aktar J, Rahman MA, Chowdhury MAZ, Sarkar S, Billah MB (2019) Environmental contamination of heavy metals in some dried fish of coastal regions of Bangladesh. J Zool 47(2):293–304p

    Google Scholar 

  • Aktar MA, Khatun R, Prodhan MDH (2017) Determination of pesticide residues in eggplant using modified QuEChERS extraction and gas chromatography. Int J Agron Agric Res 11(2):22-31P

    Google Scholar 

  • Alam MM, Haque MM (2021) Presence of antibacterial substances, nitrofuran metabolites and other chemicals in farmed pangasius and tilapia in Bangladesh: Probabilistic health risk assessment. Toxicol Rep 8:248–257p

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali MM, Ali ML, Islam MS, Rahman MZ (2016) Preliminary assessment of heavy metals in water and sediment of Karnaphuli River, Bangladesh. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 5:27–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali MM, Rahman MM, Hossain MY, Rahman MZ, Hossen MA, Naser SMA, Islam R, Subba BR, Masood Z, Hoque MA (2014) Fish marketing system in Southern Bangladesh: recommendations for efficient marketing. Our Nature 12(1):28–36p

    Google Scholar 

  • Amin MA, Islam M, Belal HM (2012) Marketing channel of dried fish in the south eastern coastal belt of Bangladesh. Middle East J Sci Res 12(3):301–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Au WW, Sierra CH, Cajas SN, Shipp BK, Legator MS (1999) Cytogenetic effects from exposure to mixed pesticides and the influence from genetic susceptibility. Environ Health Perspect 107:501–505p

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Australian Government (2005) Acceptable daily intakes for agricultural and veterinary chemicals. Office of Chemical Safety. Department of Health and Ageing 1–113

  • Authman MMN, Zaki MS, Khallaf EA, Abbas HH (2015) Use of fish as bio-indicator of the effects of heavy metals pollution. J Aquac Res Dev 6(4):328p. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546.1000328

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balachandran KK (2001) Post-harvest technology of fish and products. Daya Publishing House, Delhi, p 77

    Google Scholar 

  • Basu S, Chanda A, Gogoi P, Bhattacharyya S (2021) Organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in the zooplankton, fishes, and shrimps of tropical shallow tidal creeks and the associated human health risk. Mar Pollut Bull 165:112170

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) (2011) Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2010. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka

  • Begum A, Ahmed MS, Alam SN (2017) Detection, quantification and decontamination of pesticide residues in dry fish. Int J Biosci 10(6):246–252p

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhuiyan MNH, Bhuiyan HR, Ahmed K, Dawlatana M, Haque KMF, Rahim M, Bhuiyan MNI (2009) Organochlorine insecticides (DDT and heptachlor) in dry fish: traditional washing and cooking effect on dietary intake. Bangladesh J Pharmacol 4:46–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang CP, Hou PH, Yang WC, Wu CF, Chang CC, Tsai MY, Tsai HP, Lin CT, Xue YJ, Wang JH, Chang GR (2020) Analytical detection of Sulfonamides and Organophosphorus insecticide residues in fish in Taiwan. Molecules 25(7):1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071501

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chien LC, Hung TC, Choang KY, Yeh CY, Meng PJ, Shieh MJ, Han BC (2002) Daily intake of TBT, Cu, Zn, Cd and As for fishermen in Taiwan. Science Total Environ 285:177–185p

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury MAZ, Amin-ud-Din M, Malek MA, Zaman MA (2010) DDT residue and its metabolites in dried fishes of Dhaka city markets. Soil & Environ 29(2):117–121p

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cui L, Ge J, Zhu Y, Yang Y, Wang JJ (2015) Concentrations, bioaccumulation, and human health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in edible fish from Wuhan, China. Environ Sci Pollutt Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4752-8

  • Darko G, Akoto O (2008) Dietary intake of organophosphorus pesticide residues through vegetables from Kumasi, Ghana. Food Chem Toxicol 46:3703–3706p

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dias JS (2011) World importance, marketing and trading of vegetables. Acta Hortic 921:153–169

    Google Scholar 

  • DoF (Department of Fisheries) (2019) Fisheries statistical yearbook. Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka, Bangladesh. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4752-8

  • DoF (Department of Fisheries) (2018) National Fish Week Compendium (In Bengali). Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Bangladesh. 147

  • Edosomwan EU, Ainerua MO, Izevbizua DO (2016) Heavy metals levels in dried fish consumed in Benin and Warri Metropolis; Levels and health risk assessment. African Scientist 17(2):93–96p

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2015) EU Pesticides database – European Commission: regulation (EC) 396/2005. http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eupesticides-database/public/?event= homepage & language = EN. Accessed on 25 May 2017

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (1983) Compilation of legal limits for hazardous substances in fish and fishery products. FAO Fishery Circular No. 464, 5–10, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

  • Hasan R, Prodhan MDH, Rahman SMM, Khanom R, Ullah A (2017) Determination of organophosphorus insecticide residues in country bean collected from different markets of Dhaka. J Environ Anal Toxicol 7:489P. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain MAR, Belton B, Thilsted SH (2013) Preliminary rapid appraisal of dried fish value chains in Bangladesh. World Fish Bangladesh, Dhaka

    Google Scholar 

  • Hossain MN, Jamil MGM, Uddin MN, Mansur MA (2017) Studies on the proximate composition, quality and heavy metal of sundried marine fish (sun-dried silver pomfret) of Cox’s bazar district of Bangladesh. J Environ Sci Nat Resour 10(1):25–32p

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoque MS, Jacxsens L, Rahman MB, Nowsad AKMA, Azad SMO, Carl L, De Meulenaer B, Rahman MM (2018) Evaluation of artificially contaminated fish with formaldehyde under laboratory conditions and exposure assessment in freshwater fish in Southern Bangladesh. Chemosphere 195:702–712

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Islam MS, Prodhan MDH, Uddin MK (2019) Analysis of the pesticide residues in bitter gourd using midified QuEChERS extraction coupled with gas chromatography. Asia Pac Environ Occup Health J 5(3):6-15P

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamil MG, Hossain M, Mia MM, Mansur MA, Uga S (2017) Studies on the proximate composition, quality and heavy metal concentration of sun-dried Bombay duck and sun-dried ribbon fish of Cox’s bazar district of Bangladesh. J Environ Sci Nat Resour 10:55–60p. https://doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v10i1.34694

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JECFA (2000) Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Fifty-third Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 896), World Health Organization, Geneva

  • JECFA (2010) Seventy-second Meeting, Rome, 16–25 February 2010: Summary and conclusions, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Rome. JECFA/72/SC

  • Kar M, Hoq ME, Islam MS, et al. (2020) Monitoring of proximate composition, heavy metal concentrations and pesticide residues in marine dried fish available in the coastal region of Bangladesh. Grassroot J Natural Resources, 3(2): 30–41. Doi: https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.03023

  • Kleih U, Alam K, Dastidar R, Dutta U, Oudwater N, Ward A (2003) Livelihoods in coastal fishing communities, and the marine fish marketing system of Bangladesh. NRI Report No. 2712. Greenwich University, Natural Resources Institute, London

  • Korish MA, Attia YA (2020) Evaluation of heavy metal content in feed, litter, meat, meat products, liver, and table eggs of chickens. Animals 10:727. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kostoff RN, Aschner M, Goumenou M, Tsatsakis A (2020) Setting safer exposure limits for toxic substance combinations. FoodChem Toxicol 127:260–269p

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopes TOM, Passos LS, Vieira LV, Pinto E, Dorr F, Scherer R, Salustriano ND, Carneiro MTWD, Postay LF, Gomes LC (2020) Metals, arsenic, pesticides, and microcystins in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from aquaculture parks in Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:20187–20200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08493-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mafimisebi TE (2013) Comparative analysis of fresh and dried fish consumption in rural and urban households in Ondo state, Nigeria. AGRIS published by International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=AV20120102305. Accessed 13 Mar 2021

  • Majumdar BC, Faria A, Rasul MG, Murshida K, Shah AKMS (2017) Comparative study of physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory aspects of some sun-dried fishes in Bangladesh. Braz J Biological Sci 4(8):323–331p

    Google Scholar 

  • Matluba M, Mimi MS, Hossain MI, Khan N, Islam MAS (2020) Marketing strategy of available marine fish species in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. MS thesis, Department of Oceanography, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

  • Mostafa ARH, Belton B, Thilsted S (2013) Preliminary rapid appraisal of dried fish value chains in Bangladesh. World Fish, Bangladesh

    Google Scholar 

  • Nduka JK, Kelle HI, Amuka JO (2019) Health risk assessment of cadmium, chromium and nickel from car paint dust from used automobiles at auto-panel workshops in Nigeria. Toxicol Report 6:449–456p

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nowsad AKMA (2007) Participatory training of trainers: a new approach applied in fish processing. Bangladesh Fisheries Research Forum, 328p

  • Onac C, Topal T, Akdogan A (2021) Investigation of the nutritional environment of the differences in toxicity levels of some heavy metals and pesticides examined in gilthead bream fishes. Food Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.27921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pravakar P, Mansur MA, Asadujjaman M (2013) Quality and safety aspects of three sun-dried marine fish species: Chinese pomfret (Stromateus chinensis), Bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus) and ribbon fish (Trichiurus haumela). World J Zool 8(4):381–387p

    Google Scholar 

  • Prodhan MDH, Afroze M, Begum A, Ahmed MS, Sarker (D, (2021) Optimization of a QuEChERS based analytical method for the determination of organophosphorus and synthetic pyrethroid pesticide residues in betel leaf. Int J Environ Anal Chem. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2021.1873311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prodhan MDH, Papadakis EN, Papadopoulou-Mourkidou E (2015) Determination of multiple pesticide residues in eggplant with liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. Food Anal Methods 8:229–235p

    Google Scholar 

  • Prodhan MDH, Rahman MA, Ahmed MS, Kabir KH (2009) Quantification of organophosphate and organochlorine insecticide residues from fish samples using simple GC technique. Bangladesh J Agric 2(2):197–204p

    Google Scholar 

  • Prodhan MDH, Rahman MA, Ahmed MS, Kabir KH (2010) Pesticide residues in fish samples collected from different fish cultivation regions of Bangladesh. SAARC J Agric 8(2):53-64P

    Google Scholar 

  • Prodhan MDH, Akon MW, Alam SN (2018) Decontamination of organophosphorus insecticide residues from eggplant and yard long bean. Int J Expt Agric 8(1):6-9P

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman MS, Molla AH, Saha N, Rahman A (2012) Study on heavy metals levels and its risk assessment in some edible fishes from Bangshi River, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Food Chem 134(4):1847–1854p

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman M, Hoque MS, Bhowmik S, Ferdousi S, Kabiraz MP (2021) van Brakel ML (2021) Monitoring of pesticide residues from fish feed, fish and vegetables in Bangladesh by GC-MS using the QuEChERS method. Heliyon 7:e06390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasul MG, Yuan CH, Shah AKMA (2020) Chemical and microbiological hazards of dried fishes in Bangladesh: A Food Safety Concern. Food Nutr Sci 11:523–539p

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakib MRJ, Jolly YN, Enyoh CE et al (2021) Levels and health risk assessment of heavy metals in dried fish consumed in Bangladesh. Sci Rep 11:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Rayhan MAK, Al Mamun MS, Ara MH (2021) Health risk assessment of Liza parsia fish lipids: heavy metals and DDTs contaminations. Iran J Toxicol 15:195–204

    Google Scholar 

  • RDA (1989) Recommended dietary allowance, 10th edn. National Academic Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Renieri EA, Alegakis AK, Kiriakakis M, Vinceti M, Ozcagli E, Wilks MF, Tsatsakis AM (2014) Cd, Pb and Hg biomonitoring in fish of the Mediterranean region and risk estimations on fish consumption. Toxics 2:417–442p. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics2030417

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saha N, Zaman M (2013) Evaluation of possible health risks of heavy metals by consumption of foodstuffs available in the central market of Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. Environ Monit Assess 185:3867–3878. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2835-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarker A, Islam T, Rahman S, Nandi R, Kim JE (2021) Uncertainty of pesticides in foodstuffs, associated environmental and health risks to humans—a critical case of Bangladesh with respect to global food policy. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(39):54448–54465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16042-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar MDJ, Bhuiyan R, Priya NJ, Nahar NUR, Rima NN, Akter J (2020) Behavioural patterns related to the marine fish consumption-An analysis of coastal belt households, Noakhali, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Fish 32(2):343–356p

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheel J, Teufel M, Niessen KH (1996) Chlorinated hydrocarbons in human bone marrow of healthy individuals and leukemia patients. Arch Environ Health 51(22):25p

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharafi K, Nodehi RN, Yunesiana Y, Mahvi AH, Pirsaheb M, Nazmara S (2019) Human health risk assessment for some toxic metals in widely consumed rice brands (domestic and imported) in Tehran, Iran: uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Food Chem 277:145–155p

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siddique MAM (2011) The role of perceived risk, know-ledge, price and cost in explaining dry fish consumption in Bangladesh within the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Master’s Thesis, University of Tromso, Norway 9(2):15-18

  • Siddique MAM, Aktar M (2012) Detection of health hazard insecticide dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) in some common marine dry fish samples from Bangladesh. Health 4(4):185–189p. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2012.44027

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ullah AKMA, Maksud MA, Khan SR, Lutfa LN, Quraishi SB (2017) Dietary intake of heavy metals from eight highly consumed species of cultured fish and possible human health risk implications in Bangladesh. Toxicol Reports 4:574–579p

    Google Scholar 

  • US EPA (2010) Risk-based concentration table. https://archive.epa.gov/region9/superfund/web/html/index-23.html. Accessed 20 Mar 2021

  • US EPA (1989) Risk assessment guidance for Superfund, Vol. I: Human health evaluation manual. EPA/540/1–89/002, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC

  • US EPA (2009) Risk-based concentration table, Philadelphia PA: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC

  • US EPA (2011) Exposure factors handbook 2011 edition (final report), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-09/052F

  • USFDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) (1993) Guidance document for arsenic in shellfish. Washington, DC 25–27p

  • Wang HS, Sthiannopkao S, Du J, Chen ZJ, Kim KW, Yasin MSM, Hashim JH, Wong CKC, Wong MH (2011) Daily intake and human risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) based on Cambodian market basket data. J Hazard Mater 192:1441–1449p

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei Y, Zhang J, Zhang D, Tu T, Luo L (2014) Metal concentrations in various fish organs of different fish species from Poyang Lake, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 104:182–188p

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (World Health Organization) (2001) Arsenic and arsenic compounds, 2nd edn. Environmental Health Criteria, Geneva, p 224

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu B, Wang Y, Y, Zhou Q, (2014) Human health risk assessment based on toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and simple bio accessibility extraction test of toxic metals in urban street dust of Tianjin. China. PLoS One 9:e92459

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are very grateful to the International Foundation for Science (IFS—http://www.ifs.se), Sweden, and Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW—https://www.opcw.org) for the research grant (research grant agreement number I-3-E-5670-2). The authors are also thankful to all the respondents from the different coastal districts of Bangladesh who have participated and provided valuable information during the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) survey. The laboratory analytical support from the Pesticide Analytical Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur; National Food Safety Laboratory (NFSL), Dhaka; and Fish Inspection and Quality Control Laboratory, Khulna Bangladesh, are also highly acknowledged.

Funding

The first author has received the research grant (research grant agreement number I-3-E-5670–2) from the International Foundation for Science, Sweden (IFS—http://www.ifs.se) and Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW—https://www.opcw.org) for conducting this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Fisheries Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh

    Md. Sazedul Hoque, Fatema Tamanna, Md. Mahmudul Hasan & Pronoy Mondal

  2. Department of Food Microbiology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh

    Md. Hasan Al Banna

  3. Pesticide Analytical Laboratory, Division of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh

    Mohammad Dalower Hossain Prodhan

  4. Office of the Quality Assurance Manager, Department of Fisheries, Fish Inspections and Quality Control Laboratory, 9000, Khulna, Bangladesh

    Md. Zillur Rahman

  5. Papendrecht, the Netherlands

    Martin Louis van Brakel

Authors
  1. Md. Sazedul Hoque
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fatema Tamanna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Md. Mahmudul Hasan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Md. Hasan Al Banna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Pronoy Mondal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mohammad Dalower Hossain Prodhan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Md. Zillur Rahman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Martin Louis van Brakel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization: Md. Sazedul Hoque; methodology: Md. Sazedul Hoque, Fatima Tamanna, Md. Mahmudul Hasan, Mohammad Dalower Hossain Prodhan, Md. Zillur Rahman; formal analysis and investigation: Fatima Tamanna, Md. Mahmudul Hasan, Md. Hasan Al Banna, Pronoy Mondal; writing—original draft preparation: Md. Sazedul Hoque, Fatima Tamanna; writing—review and editing: Md. Sazedul Hoque, Mohammad Dalower Hossain Prodhan, Md. Zillur Rahman, Martin Louis Van Brakel; funding acquisition: Md. Sazedul Hoque; resources: Martin Louis Van Brakel; supervision: Md. Sazedul Hoque, Martin Louis Van Brakel.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Md. Sazedul Hoque.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The research was conducted following the ethics approval from the Research and Training Center of Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh [PSTU/RTC/21/22(3), Date: 22.04.2021].

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hoque, M.S., Tamanna, F., Hasan, M.M. et al. Probabilistic public health risks associated with pesticides and heavy metal exposure through consumption of common dried fish in coastal regions of Bangladesh. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 20112–20127 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17127-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17127-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation