Abstract
The unavailability of sunlight during nighttime and cloudy weather condition has limited the usage of solar cookers throughout the day. This study will attempt to engineer a solar cooker with PV (photovoltaic panel), evacuated tubes with CPC reflectors, battery, and charge controller using the microcontroller PIC 16F877A. A mathematical model is developed to predict the electrical power (Ep) required during cloudy weather condition and nighttime as well as the temperatures occurring at different parts of the cooker. The proposed model is validated against experimental observations gathered for one of the typical working days of the system. The cooker is tested for various cooking loads to find the cooking time, and it is proven that the proposed cooker can be utilized over 24/7 without interruption.
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Availability of data and material
The designed solar cooker and data of results of characterization are available.
Abbreviations
- I t :
-
Intensity of solar radiation (W/m2)
- τ g :
-
Glass cover transmittance
- α eg :
-
Absorptivity of the evacuated glass tube
- \({A}_{eog}\) :
-
Outer and evacuated glass tube areas (m2)
- A g :
-
Total glass cover areas (m2)
- α g :
-
Glass cover absorptivity
- A c :
-
Copper tube areas (m2)
- \({h}_{cogig}\) :
-
Convective heat transfer coefficient from outer—inner glass tube from an evacuated tube (W/mK)
- \({h}_{rogig}\) :
-
Radiative heat transfer coefficient from outer—inner glass tube from an evacuated tube (W/mK)
- T eog :
-
Outer glass tube an evacuated tube temperature (K)
- T eig :
-
Inner glass tube an evacuated tube temperature (K)
- A eig :
-
Inner glass tube an evacuated tube area (m2)
- \({h}_{cigct}\) :
-
Convective heat transfer coefficient from inner glass—evacuated to copper tube (W/mK)
- \({h}_{rigct}\) :
-
Radiative heat transfer coefficient from inner glass—evacuated to copper tube (W/mK)
- h cogg :
-
Convective heat transfer coefficient from outer glass cover to outer glass tube of the evacuated tube (W/mK)
- h rogg :
-
Radiative heat transfer coefficient from outer glass cover to outer glass tube of the evacuated tube (W/mK)
- h coga :
-
Convective heat transfer coefficient from outer glass cover to the ambient (W/mK)
- h roga :
-
Radiative heat transfer coefficient from outer glass cover to the ambient (W/mK)
- \({h}_{cigog}\) :
-
Convective heat transfer coefficient from inner to outer glass tube of the evacuated glass tube
- \({h}_{rigog}\) :
-
Radiative heat transfer coefficient from inner to outer glass tube of the evacuated glass tube
- \({h}_{cctw}\) :
-
Convective heat transfer coefficient from copper tube to water (W/mK)
- \({h}_{rctw}\) :
-
Radiative heat transfer coefficient from copper tube to water (W/mK)
- T w :
-
Water inside the copper tube temperature (K)
- T ct :
-
Copper tube temperature (K)
- E i :
-
Energy input cooker (J/m2)
- A p :
-
Aperture area solar panel (m2)
- P e :
-
Electrical power supplied through Nichrome coil to the base (W)
- A b :
-
Cooking vessel base areas (m2)
- A s :
-
Cooking vessel side wall areas (m2)
- t :
-
Time interval (seconds)
- T out :
-
Outlet temperature from evacuated tube collector
- S :
-
Specific heat capacity of water (J/kgK)
- M :
-
Mass of the vessel (kg)
- h bs :
-
Convective heat coefficient from vessel base surroundings (W/mK)
- T b :
-
Cooking base vessel temperature (K)
- T a :
-
Vessel base near temperature (K)
- T s :
-
Cooking side vessel temperature (K)
- T cf :
-
Temperature with cooking fluid (K)
- m :
-
Cooking fluid mass (kg)
- C f :
-
Cooking fluid with specific heat capacity (J/kgK
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Funding
The authors would say thanks a lot to Department of Science and Technology (DST, Delhi), Government of India for the award of DST-FIRST Level-1(SR/FST/PS-1/2018/35) scheme to the Department of Physics. Grateful appreciations are given to the KLEF offering infrastructure, facilities, basic found (perform basic instruments) and support to the current investigation.
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Mr. Arulraj Simon Prabu: synthesis of experimental work design and characterization of solar cooker.
Dr Venkatesan Chithambaram: analysis of results
Dr Maria Anto Bennet: data validation and editing of the manuscript
Dr. Sengottaiyan Shanmugan: analysis of results, writing the manuscript, reviewing, and editing the paper
Dr. Catalin Iulian Pruncu: editing the paper.
Dr. Luciano Lamberti: data validation and editing of the manuscript
Dr. Ammar Hamed Elsheikh: data validation and editing of the manuscript
Dr. HiteshPanchal: data validation and editing of the manuscript.
Dr. Balasubrimani Janarthanan: data validation and editing of the manuscript
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Prabu, A.S., Chithambaram, V., Bennet, M.A. et al. Microcontroller PIC 16F877A standard based on solar cooker using PV—evacuated tubes with an extension of heat integrated energy system. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 15863–15875 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16863-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16863-2