Abstract
This research used panel data from 1995 to 2019 to examine the impact of financial development, natural resource, industrial production, renewable energy consumption, and total reserve on environmental degradation in (38) OECD countries by using dynamic panel data models, i.e., one-step difference GMM, one-step system GMM, and two-step system GMM model, respectively. The examined findings of one-step difference GMM, one-step system GMM, and two-step system GMM demonstrate that renewable energy consumption and natural resource help to reduce the environmental degradation while financial development, industrial production, and total reserve cause environmental degradation in OECD countries. Based on the examined results, significant policy implications are suggested to improve the environmental quality in OECD countries.
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02 April 2024
This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33136-w
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Conceptualization, writing, methodology, and data analysis—Vishal Dagar. Supervision—Muhammad Kamran Khan. Reviewing—Rafael Alvarado, Abdul Rehman, and Muhammad Irfan. Proofreading—Oluwasegun B. Adekoya and Shah Fahad. All authors have read and approved this manuscript.
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Dagar, V., Khan, M.K., Alvarado, R. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Impact of renewable energy consumption, financial development and natural resources on environmental degradation in OECD countries with dynamic panel data. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 18202–18212 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16861-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16861-4