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Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in India: a comparative study with Mesoamerican and Sri Lankan nephropathy

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Abstract

Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology [CKDu] is a condition characterized by decline in kidney function and is not associated with diabetic nephropathy or hypertensive nephropathy. In this review, we have done a detailed literature analysis on CKDu in India, and then had a comparison with that of Mesoamerica and Sri Lanka. In India, CKDu became the second most common type of CKD after diabetic nephropathy. Silica was seen in the groundwater of both India and Sri Lanka, whereas in Mesoamerica silica exposure through particulate matter was seen among CKDu communities. DDE is a common agrochemical seen in both India and Sri Lanka. The risk factors vary from region to region and it is important to categorize CKDu population based on the risk factors to avoid misinterpretation of the condition as non-CKDu category and to evade further complications. More studies have to be conducted to reveal the detailed pathophysiological mechanisms and its relation with irrational exploitation of environmental resources.

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Abbreviations

CKDu:

chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology

KIM-1:

kidney injury molecule-1

A1M:

alpha-1-microglobulin

RBP-4:

retinol binding protein-4

eGFR:

estimated glomerular filtration rate

CKDk:

chronic kidney disease of known etiology

α-HCH:

alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane

p, p′-DDE:

dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene

GSTM1:

glutathione S-transferase Mu 1

GSTT1:

glutathione S-transferase (GST) theta 1

IgA:

immunoglobulin A

GCLC:

glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit

IGFBP1:

insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1

IGFBP3:

insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3

FN1:

fibronectin 1

KLK1:

kallikrein-1

APOL1:

apolipoprotein L-I

SLC13A3:

solute carrier family 13 member 3

KCNA10:

potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 10

LAMB2:

laminin subunit beta 2

NAG:

N-acetyl B glucosaminidase

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  1. Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kerala, India

    Aleeta Maria Jolly & Jaya Thomas

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Jolly, A.M., Thomas, J. Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in India: a comparative study with Mesoamerican and Sri Lankan nephropathy. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 15303–15317 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16548-w

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