Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The emission factor adjustments of the passenger cars in multi-story car parks under drive modes

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The drive mode is an important factor that affects the adjustment requirements for emission factors of the conventional simulation methods in multi-story car parks. In order to propose comprehensive emission factor adjustments for passenger cars based on the drive modes, the present study is aimed to investigate the effects of different drive modes on emission factors for multi-story car parks. Thus, to achieve this aim, the tailpipe emissions based on the on-board measurement and international vehicle emission (IVE) model are obtained. The results indicate that the drive modes significantly affect the emissions. Accordingly, the change in drive mode from minimum to maximum leads to an increase in the vehicle-specific power (VSP) by 106%. Furthermore, the results of emission factors show the discrepancy between on-board measurement and IVE model with the maximum and minimum adjustment factors by 3.28 and 1.28 for carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Figure 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  • Amnian J, Maerefat M, Heidarnejad G (2016) Investigation on effect of exhaust vents location on reduction of pollution in enclosed car parks. Modares Mechanical Engineering 16(5):70–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrei L et al. (2017). Contributions to the applied research of effects from surrounding environment pollution due to road traffic upon eyes’ anatomy and pathology development (In Science and Engineering / Știință și Inginerie AGIR Press) eISSN 2359–828X DOI http://stiintasiinginerie.ro/32-85

  • Andrei L et al. (2018). Contributions to the research of the relation between air pollution with nitric oxides and the impact upon environment and life environment pollution management and life health (In Science and Engineering / Știință și Inginerie AGIR Press) eISSN 2359–828X DOI http://stiintasiinginerie.ro/34-68

  • Anonymous (2002) Design recommendations for multi-storey and underground car parks. The Institution of Structural Engineers, Third Edition

  • AVL DITEST (2018), retrieved November 2018 from https://www.avlditest.com/index.php/en/support-et-mds-215.html

  • Banerjee T, Christian RA (2017) On-field and laboratory measurement of nanoparticle emission in the wake of gasoline vehicle. Atmospheric Pollution Research 8(6):1179–1192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes NM, Ng TW, Ma KK, Lai KM (2018) In-cabin air quality during driving and engine idling in air-conditioned private vehicles in Hong Kong. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15(4):611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bing X, Jiang Y, Zhang C, Zhang Y, & Lu J (2014). Effects of intersection lane configuration on traffic emissions. Advances in Transportation Studies, (32)

  • Bokare P, Maurya A (2013) Study of effect of speed, acceleration and deceleration of small petrol car on its tail pipe emission. International Journal of Traffic and Transport Engineering 3(4):465–478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borzan AI, Baldean DL 2019 Experimental design for diesel supply control in order to improve fuel efficiency (In IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 568, Issue 1, 17 Sept. 2019) ISSN: 17578981, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/568/1/012038.

  • Chauhan BP, Joshi GJ, Parida P (2019) Car following model for urban signalised intersection to estimate speed based vehicle exhaust emissions. Urban Clim 29:100480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen KS, Wang WC, Chen HM, Lin CF, Hsu HC, Kao JH, Hu MT (2003) Motorcycle emissions and fuel consumption in urban and rural driving conditions. Sci Total Environ 312:113–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Wen C, Jiang X (2021) Global sensitivity analysis of VISSIM parameters for project-level traffic emissions: a case study at a signalized intersection. Environ Technol:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2021.1934737

  • Chi J, Huang J, Du B, Mao Z (2012) Division of Beijing road based on the driving pattern, Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Information Technology and Software Engineering: 159-167.

  • Chow WK, Wong LT, Fung WY (1996) Field study on the indoor thermal environment and carbon monoxide levels in a large underground car park. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 11(3):333–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ÇIkman G (2003) A study on the investigation of the car-car park needs in cities and their design options, Master's Degree Thesis. In: Dokuz Eylül University Institute for Graduate Studies in Pure and Applied Sciences. Izmir, Turkey [in Turkish]

  • Dabiri AR, Aghayan I, & Hadadi F (2020). A comparative analysis of the performance of turbo roundabouts based on geometric characteristics and traffic scenarios. Transportation Letters, 1-12.

  • De Vlieger I (1997) On-board emission and fuel consumption measurement campaign on petrol-driven passenger cars. Atmos Environ 31(22):3753–3761

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Debia M, Trachy-Bourget MC, Beaudry C, Neesham-Grenon E, Perron S, Lapointe C (2017) Characterization of indoor diesel exhaust emissions from the parking garage of a school. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(5):4655–4665

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delkash M, Mir HM (2016) Examining some potential actions in mitigating gaseous emissions from vehicles, case study: Tehran. Air Qual Atmos Health 9(8):909–921

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demir A (2015) Investigation of air quality in the underground and aboveground multi-storey car parks in terms of exhaust emissions. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 195:2601–2611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devika S, Student FM, Koshy BI, Bindhu BK (2018) Tail pipe emissions of a passenger car on different driving modes. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) 7(5):582–585

    Google Scholar 

  • Duci A, Papakonstantinou K, Chaloulakou A, Markatos N (2004) Numerical approach of carbon monoxide concentration dispersion in an enclosed garage. Build Environ 39(9):1043–1048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, X., Wang, T. L., & Zhao, Q. (2013). The application of the IVE model for establishing the vehicle emission inventory in the urban areas of Chongqing. In Applied Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 361, pp. 854-859). Trans Tech Publications Ltd

  • Frey HC, Unal A, Rouphail NM, Colyar JD (2002) Use of on-board tailpipe emissions measurements for development of mobile source emission factors. In Proceedings of US Environmental Protection Agency Emission Inventory Conference (pp. 1-13).

  • Glorennec P, Bonvallot N, Mandin C, Goupil G, Pernelet-Joly V, Millet M, Filleul L, Le Moullec Y, Alary R (2008) Is a quantitative risk assessment of air quality in underground parking garages possible? Indoor Air 18(4):283–292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood ID, Dunn RC, Raine RR (2007) Estimating the effects of traffic congestion on fuel consumption and vehicle emissions based on acceleration noise. J Transp Eng 133(2):96–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Güngör EK (2006) Car-car park problems and solutions in downtown of Konya, Master's Degree Thesis, Selchuk University, Institute for Graduate Studies in Pure and Applied Sciences. Konya, Turkey [in Turkish]

  • Hachem M, Saleh N, Bensefa-Colas L, & Momas I (2020). Determinants of ultrafine particles, black carbon, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide concentrations inside vehicles in the Paris area: PUF-TAXI study. Indoor air

  • Harrison, R. M., Hester, R. E., & Querol, X. (Eds.). (2016). Airborne particulate matter: sources, atmospheric processes and health. Royal Society of Chemistry

  • Höglund PG (2004) Parking, energy consumption and air pollution. Sci Total Environ 334:39–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hwa MY, Yu TY (2014) Development of real-world driving cycles and estimation of emission factors for in-use light-duty gasoline vehicles in urban areas. Environ Monit Assess 186(7):3985–3994

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iranian National Building Regulations, Part 4 (2017) Office of National Building Regulation Affairs, 3rd Edition

  • Janzadeh A (2016) Estimate the mitigation of environmental pollutant in Bualistreet’s multi-story car park of Qazvin by green walls. Hoviatshahr 10(3):75–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez-Palacios JL (1999) Understanding and quantifying motor vehicle emissions with vehicle specific power and TILDAS remote sensing. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology [Ph.D, thesis].

  • Khalil EE, Shoukry YMM, Osman HA, Harriedy H (2015) Investigation of ventilation system performance of Tahreer car park using CFD. Journal of Energy and Power Systems 2(2):81–89

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khreis H (2020) Traffic, air pollution, and health. In Advances in Transportation and Health (pp. 59-104). Elsevier.

  • Krzyzanowski M, Kuna-Dibbert B, & Schneider J (Eds.). (2005). Health effects of transport-related air pollution. WHO Regional Office Europe

  • Lairenlakpam R, Jain AK, Gupta P, Kamei W, Badola R, & Singh Y. (2018). Effect of real world driving and different drive modes on vehicle emissions and fuel consumption (No. 2018-01-5017). SAE Technical Paper.

  • Lents J, Davis N (2004) International vehicle emission (ive) model users manual. Technical report.

  • Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E (2020) Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: a review. Front Public Health 8

  • Marshall JD (2005) Inhalation of vehicle emissions in urban environments. In: Ph.D. thesis. University of California, Berkeley

  • Mohammed NI, Othman N, Baharuddin KB (2014) Air quality profile in an enclosed car park. Appl Mech Mater 567:3–7. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.567.3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council (NRC) (2002) The ongoing challenge of managing carbon monoxide pollution in Fairbanks. Interim Report. National Academies Press, Alaska

  • Noland RB, Ochieng WY, Quddus MA, North RJ, Polak JW (2004) The vehicle emissions and performance monitoring system: analysis of tailpipe emissions and vehicle performance. Transp Plan Technol 27(6):431–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papakonstantinou K, Chaloulakou A, Duci A, Vlachakis N, Markatos N (2003) Air quality in an underground garage: computational and experimental investigation of ventilation effectiveness. Energy and Buildings 35:933–940

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pouresmaeili M, Aghayan I, Taghizadeh SA (2018) Development of Mashhad driving cycle for passenger car to model vehicle exhaust emissions calibrated using on-board measurements. Sustain Cities Soc 36:12–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rezaei D, Aghayan I, Hadadi F (2021) Studying perturbations and wave propagations by lane closures on traffic characteristics based on a dynamic approach. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 566:125654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russo A; van Ommeren J; Dimitropoulos A (2019). The environmental and welfare implications of parking policies; Environment Working Paper No. 145; OECD: Paris, France

  • Saleh W, Kumar R, Kirby H, Kumar P (2009) Real world driving cycle for motorcycles in Edinburgh. Transp Res Part D: Transp Environ 14(5):326–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbazi H, Ganjizad R, Hosseini V, Hamedi M (2017) Investigating the influence of traffic emission reduction plans on Tehran air quality using WRF/CAMx modelling tools. Transp Res Part D: Transp Environ 57:484–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sohrabi pirdosti P, Sahraei J (2019) Indoor air quality assessment in a multistorey car park. Journal of Environmental Science Studies 4(2):1389–1400

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberga I, Kleperis J (2004) Urban air pollution: input from car parking places. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, 75

  • Takizad F (2012) Investigation of exhaust emission factors based on vehicle models. Current World Environment 7(1):79–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan W, Li ZC, Tan ZJ (2017) Modeling the effects of speed limit, acceleration, and deceleration on overall delay and traffic emission at a signalized intersection. Journal of transportation engineering. Part A: Systems 143(12):04017063

    Google Scholar 

  • Tong HY, Hung WT, Cheung CS (2000) On-road motor vehicle emissions and fuel consumption in urban driving conditions. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 50(4):543–554

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vukovic G, Urosevic M, Razumenic I, Kuzmanoski M (2014) Air quality in urban car park garages (PM10, major and trace elements, PAHs): instrumental measurements vs. active moss biomonitoring. Atmos Environ 85:31–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Daamen W, Hoogendoorn S, Arem B (2011) Estimating acceleration, fuel consumption, and emissions from macroscopic traffic flow data. Transp Res Rec 2260:123–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson AY, Bates RR, Kennedy D (1988) Motor vehicle emissions: a strategy for quantifying risk. In: In Air Pollution, the Automobile, and Public Health. Academies Press (US), National

  • Winkler SL, Anderson JE, Garza L, Ruona WC, Vogt R, Wallington TJ (2018) Vehicle criteria pollutant (pm, no x, co, hcs) emissions: how low should we go?. npj. Climate and Atmospheric Science 1(1):1–5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xue H, Ho JC (2000) Modelling of heat and carbon monoxide emitted from moving cars in an underground car park. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 15(1):101–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yao Z, Wei H, Liu H, Li Z (2013) Statistical vehicle specific power profiling for urban freeways. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 96(6):2927–2938

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q, Fan J, Yang W, Chen B, Zhang L, Liu J, Wang J, Zhou C, Chen X (2017) The effects of deterioration and technological levels on pollutant emission factors for gasoline light-duty trucks. Journal of the Air &Waste Management Association 67(7):814–823

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao D, Chen H, Shao H, & Sun X (2018). Vehicle emission factors for particulate and gaseous pollutants in an urban tunnel in Xi’an, China. Journal of Chemistry, 2018.

  • Zheng F, Li J, van Zuylen HJ, Lu C (2019) Influence of driver characteristics on emissions and fuel consumption. IET Intell Transp Syst 13(12):1770–1779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu R, Hu J, Bao X, He L, Lai Y, Zu L, Li Y, Su S (2016) Tailpipe emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) and port fuel injection (PFI) vehicles at both low and high ambient temperatures. Environ Pollut 216:223–234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

    Seyed Milad Ataei, Iman Aghayan, Mohammad Amin Pouresmaeili & Farhad Hadadi

  2. School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK

    Meisam Babaie

Authors
  1. Seyed Milad Ataei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Iman Aghayan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohammad Amin Pouresmaeili
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Meisam Babaie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Farhad Hadadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

SMA and MAP conducted the literature review, prepared the datasets, interpreted the results, and drafted and finalized the manuscript; SMA, IA, and MAP contributed to the literature review, dataset preparation, and results interpretation; IA, MB, and FH contributed to the conception of the meta-analysis, interpreted the findings, and assisted in drafting the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Iman Aghayan.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ataei, .M., Aghayan, I., Pouresmaeili, M.A. et al. The emission factor adjustments of the passenger cars in multi-story car parks under drive modes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 5105–5123 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15960-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15960-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation