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A poly-(L-serine)/reduced graphene oxide–Nafion supported on glassy carbon (PLS/rGO−Nafion/GCE) electrode for the detection of naproxen in aqueous solutions

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Abstract

A new electrode was constructed via the anodic electropolymerization of poly-(L-serine) (PLS) on an rGO−Nafion–modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the detection of the emerging organic contaminant naproxen (NPX). The morphology, crystal phase, and surface elements of the electrode were investigated with SEM, TEM, XRD, Raman, ATR-FTIR, zeta potential, C−H−O, and XPS analyses. Results of the surface analysis showed a porous structure resembling graphene sheets inside the Nafion/GCE architecture. Various electrochemical parameters, including scan rate, pH, and NPX concentration, were studied to evaluate the performance of the electrode. The synergistic effect of PLS and rGO−Nafion greatly facilitated the catalytic oxidation of NPX on PLS/rGO−Nafion/GCE. Electrochemical NPX oxidation was a one-electron transfer and adsorption limited process. The optimal working potential was 0.92 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The oxidation current of NPX increased with the increase in the concentration of analyte and scan rate but decreased with pH. The modified electrode exhibited excellent linearity with respect to NPX concentration in the range of 4.3 to 87 μM and limit of detection of 0.23 μM (S/N = 3). The PLS/rGO−Nafion/GCE is a fast, sensitive, reliable, and economical electrode for the detection of NPX in water.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Shih-Kai Chen of the National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology for assistance with voltammetry measurements.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

    Chang-Mao Hung, Chiu-Wen Chen & Cheng-Di Dong

  2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

    Chin-Pao Huang

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Contributions

Conceptualization: CDD, CPH, CWC, and CMH. Background and data collection: CMH. Validation: CMH, CPH, and CDD. Methodology: CDD and CWC. Formal analysis: CMH. Data curation: CMH, CPH, CWC, and CDD. Writing—original draft preparation: CMH. Writing review and editing: CDD and CPH. Visualization: CMH, CPH, CWC, and CDD. Supervision: CWC and CDD. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Hung, M., Huang, CP., Chen, CW. et al. A poly-(L-serine)/reduced graphene oxide–Nafion supported on glassy carbon (PLS/rGO−Nafion/GCE) electrode for the detection of naproxen in aqueous solutions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 12450–12461 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15511-z

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