Abstract
In this research work, the productivity, energy, exergy, and economic and enviro-economic performance in crushed gravel sand heat storage and biomass evaporator-assisted solar still (CGS-BSS) have been investigated and compared the results with conventional solar still (CSS) under the similar climatic conditions of Coimbatore City during the year 2019. The heat accumulated in crushed gravel sand and biomass evaporator have been used to preheat the inlet saline water and air vapor before entering into the solar still. This results in enhanced air vapor mixture temperature and evaporative heat transfer rate of CGS-BSS significantly. The productivity, energy, and exergy efficiencies in CGS-BSS were improved by 34.6%, 34.4%, and 35%, respectively when compared to CSS. In economic analysis, the payback period (PBP) in both CGS-BSS and CSS was estimated to be about 4.7 months and 3.9 months, respectively. Furthermore, in enviro-economic analysis, the CO2 emission estimated in CGS-BSS and CSS was about 16.63 tons and 8.18 tons, respectively during its lifetime of 10 years.
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Abbreviations
- A :
-
basin area, m2
- E :
-
energy, W
- E x :
-
exergy, W
- I(t):
-
solar irradiation, W/m2
- h :
-
heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K
- L :
-
latent heat, kJ/kg
- m :
-
hourly productivity, kg
- n :
-
number of years
- P :
-
pressure, N/m2
- T :
-
temperature, K
- \( {N}_{co_2} \) :
-
net CO2 mitigation
- \( {R}_{co_2} \) :
-
market price of CO2 mitigation
- ɛ eff :
-
effective emissivity
- σ :
-
Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5.67 × 10−8 W/m2K4
- ɳ :
-
efficiency
- a :
-
ambient air
- c :
-
convection
- eva :
-
evaporation
- g :
-
glass
- in :
-
embodied energy
- n :
-
annual rate
- o :
-
overall
- out :
-
output energy
- p d :
-
annual productivity
- s :
-
sun
- ss :
-
solar still
- w :
-
water
- AC :
-
annual cost
- AMC :
-
annual maintenance cost
- ASV :
-
annual salvage value
- CGS-BSS :
-
crushed gravel sand and biomass solar still
- CC :
-
capital cost
- CCE :
-
carbon credit earned
- CPL :
-
cost per liter
- CRF :
-
capital recovery factor
- CSS :
-
conventional solar still
- FAC :
-
fixed annual cost
- LT :
-
life time of the solar still
- PBP :
-
payback period
- S :
-
salvage value
- SFF :
-
sinking fund factor
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions.
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Ramasamy Dhivagar— Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing - original draft.
Murugesan Mohanraj— Supervision.
Yerzhan Belyayev— Supervision.
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Appendix
Appendix
In energy analysis, the mathematical relations of Pg, Pw, and εeff are given below:
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Dhivagar, ., Mohanraj, M. & Belyayev, . Performance analysis of crushed gravel sand heat storage and biomass evaporator-assisted single slope solar still. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 65610–65620 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15487-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15487-w