Abstract
One of the most widely used antibiotics is amoxicillin (AMX), which is the most widely used in humans and animals, but it is discharged metabolically due to its indigestibility. Conventional biological and physicochemical methods for removing AMX from water are not enough to mineralize it; it is only concentrated and transferred to produce new residues that require further processing to remove the new residues. In this research, naked and modified surfaces with TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2,nt) electrophoretically modified with PbO2, IrO2, RuO2, and Ta2O5 were used to evaluate their efficiency in the electrochemical degradation of AMX in acid media (0.1 mol L-1 H2SO4). After their comparison, Pb-Ta 50:50|TiO2,nt|Ti showed the highest removal efficiency of AMX (44.71%) with the lowest specific energy consumption (8.69 ± 0.78 kWh Kg COD-1) and the average instant current efficiency of 26.67 ± 9.19%, in comparison with the others naked and modified surfaces of TiO2,nt∣Ti.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Mexican Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) for financial support to develop this research by the project PN 2016-3620 and FOINS 3838. J. Sh. Barroso and J. Treviño thank CONACyT for their Postgraduate scholarship.
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The research leading to these results received funding from the project PN 2016-3620 and FOINS 3838.
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JShB constructed all the modified electrodes, obtained the electrochemical characterization of the naked and modified surfaces, and obtained the electrochemical degradation of AMX and the COD analysis. MC proposed the methodology to construct the TiO2,nt∣Ti and its modification with Pb. AS improved the methodology to obtain the TiO2,nt∣Ti and reviewed the fundamental papers to write this paper. FE obtained all the SEM analysis. JM obtained all the Raman analysis. JT obtained all the TOC, CT, and CI. JC and YM got the equipment and chemical compounds to get the COD, TOC, CT, and CI. MC and JM got the financial support by the project PN 2016-3620 and FOINS 3838 to develop this research. EB proposed the idea of this research, organized, wrote, and made the conjunction of all the discussions of results with all the co-authors. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
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Martínez, J.S.B., González, A.S., López, M.C. et al. Electrochemical degradation of amoxicillin in acidic aqueous medium using TiO2-based electrodes modified by oxides of transition metals. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 42130–42145 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15315-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15315-1