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Methane emission quantification from municipal waste landfills: models and computer software—a case study of Long An Province, Vietnam

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Abstract

Vietnam has been one of the nations strongly affected by climate change; hence, finding and promoting solutions in order to adapt and proactively respond to climate change have played an extremely significant role. A strategy of developing a low-carbon economy with eco-friendly production and consumption models, limiting the use of fossil fuels, and rising clean as well as renewable energy have been built with the aim to reduce total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by roughly 8% by the year 2030 compared to the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario under the Paris Agreement 2015, in particular, focusing on producing a plan to drop considerably methane (CH4) emission and recover energy from landfill sites as the waste sector has been the third-highest GHG contributor in Vietnam. This study concentrates on forecasting and evaluating CH4, CO, H2S, and CH3SH emissions for a case study in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam: in specific, two dumping sites of Thanh Hoa and Kien Tuong according to four different scenarios so that the landfill gas (LFG) emissions are controlled under the local authority orientation of installing a gas collection system and treating captured gases by an LFG flaring approach from 2021 to 2030. Quantification of the generated LFG is carried out using a mathematical modeling method having validation with field measured data, which is a WebGIS software named EnLandFill with integrated mathematical models, environmental information, and databases allowing analysis of the main influence of two L0 and k factors on LFG emission levels. On the one hand, based on the development planning of Long An province from 2021 to 2030, the municipal solid waste (MSW) volume is estimated at around 3.5 million tonnes and the potential waste generation index is predicted between 0.7 and 1.2 kg person-1 day-1. A large amount of CH4 emissions are considered to be a remarkable contributor to GHG emissions. It can be seen that there are about 32.1–253.6 million m3 CH4 (or equivalent to 512–589 thousand tCO2-eq) and 1.0–5.1 million m3 CH4 (or equivalent to 16–81 thousand tCO2-eq) created at Thanh Hoa and Kien Tuong dumping sites, respectively, under the established scenarios in the 2021–2030 period. On the other hand, the proposal of scenario 4 is found to be the optimal solution for GHG emission control and decline from this study area in the next years. Furthermore, the obtained study outcomes are considered as a basis for planning and managing the issues of MSW in Long An province until 2050 towards a circular economy.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would also like to thank the National Key Laboratory of Digital Control and System Engineering (DCSELab), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, and members of the Laboratory for Environmental Modelling, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, for discussions that improved the quality of the publication. The authors would also like to thank the Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM) for the funding.

Availability of data and materials

We declare that all data relating to this manuscript are truthful and we will gladly share it with any interested readers or at the request of the editor board.

Funding

This research was funded by the Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), grant No: B2019-20B-01.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Environmental Modelling, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Long Ta Bui, Phong Hoang Nguyen & Duyen Chau My Nguyen

  2. Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Long Ta Bui, Phong Hoang Nguyen & Duyen Chau My Nguyen

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  1. Long Ta Bui
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Contributions

Long Ta Bui: Conceptualization, funding acquisition, investigation, project administration, resources, supervision, methodology, models, writing (original draft), writing—review and editing.

Phong Hoang Nguyen: Data curation, data analysis, formal analysis, validation.

Duyen Chau My Nguyen : Formal analysis, validation, GIS.

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Correspondence to Long Ta Bui.

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The authors consent to publish this manuscript entitled “Methane emissions quantification from municipal waste landfill: models and computer software—a case study of Long An province, Vietnam” to the Environmental Science and Pollution Research (ESPR).

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The manuscript is not submitted to more than one journal for simultaneous consideration. The manuscript is original and has not been published elsewhere in any form or language (partially or in full), unless the new work concerns an expansion of previous work. The manuscript is not split up into several parts to increase the quantity of submissions and submitted to various journals or to one journal over time (i.e., “salami-slicing/publishing”). Results are presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate data manipulation. We adhere to discipline-specific rules for acquiring, selecting, and processing data. We have provided all data and proper mentions of other works.

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Bui, L.T., Nguyen, P.H. & Nguyen, D.C.M. Methane emission quantification from municipal waste landfills: models and computer software—a case study of Long An Province, Vietnam. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 41886–41908 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15270-x

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