Abstract
The Kadicha river basin in Northern Lebanon is an illustrative example of multiple pressures encountered in the Mediterranean region: it is a small coastal river affected by rapid urbanization, population growth (drastically impacted by the influx of Syrian refugees), and a chronic default of wastewater treatment. In this context, multiple classes of contaminants may attain the river accumulating in sediment. However, very little information is available in the literature on the contamination status in such stressed Mediterranean contexts. This study proposed a first contamination evaluation of a small Mediterranean river submitted to multiple pressures. Two sediment sampling campaigns along sites impacted by increasing urban gradient within the Kadicha river basin were performed to determine the occurrence and the environmental risks of both emerging and legacy contaminants. The results revealed the detection of the 41 studied compounds. The highest concentrations were attained by PAHs and polycyclic musks (up to 311.79, 94.22, and 81.13 ng/g of dry weight for PAH, cashmeran, and galaxolide, respectively). The discontinuous urbanized upstream area and the estuary were the most contaminated areas of the river. An environmental risk assessment showed a hazard quotient (HQ) higher than 1 for both legacy and emerging compounds (EHMC and 4-MBC), indicating a potential risk to benthic species. Monitoring campaigns and implementation of wastewater treatment plants should be encouraged as the anthropogenic pressure on small Mediterranean rivers will increase over the years.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the platform of physico-chemical analyses of Ecolab laboratory within the University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier for their facility use and technical support for particle-size distribution analyses in sediments. The authors would like to thank Adrien Chouchou (Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montpellier) for his great help in revising the data for this manuscript. The authors wish to acknowledge the laboratory staff of Hydrosciences, namely Abdel Znidah, for the contribution to the sample preparation. The authors are also grateful for the help of Mohammad Merheb (Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University) in preparing the sampling map for this manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Funding
The authors would like to acknowledge the National Council for Scientific Research of Lebanon (CNRS-L), the University of Montpellier, and the Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF) for granting a doctoral fellowship to Fatmé Merhabi.
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FM: GC analysis, data processing, and manuscript writing; EG: study supervision, experimental design, and manuscript writing; HA: sample treatment and preparation; DR: sample treatment and preparation; JH: methodology design for sampling strategy; HF: experimental design and manuscript writing.
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Highlights
•First report on the occurrence and the potential risk of legacy and emerging contaminants in a Lebanese river.
•The totality of the studied compounds were detected in the river’s sediments.
•Anthropogenic activities were the major sources of inputs of legacy and emerging contaminants.
•The presence of both emerging and legacy contaminants indicates a potential risk for benthic species.
•The estuary of the river showed the highest potential risk for benthic species.
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Merhabi, F., Gomez, E., Amine, H. et al. Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment of emerging and legacy contaminants in the Kadicha river in Lebanon. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 62499–62518 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15049-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15049-0