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Real-world emission and impact of three wheeler electric auto-rickshaw in India

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Abstract

The driving pattern of three-wheeled auto-rickshaws is governed by commuter’s demands on certain fixed roads that offer flexible mobility solutions in a mid-size city. This flexibility creates unique driving patterns, frequent stop-and-go conditions, frequent acceleration, braking, and excessive idling, which affect emission rates. Existing emission testing regulation based on the driving cycle does not represent real-world conditions. In this paper, the real-world driving cycle of three-wheeled auto-rickshaw has been developed to provide realistic CO, HC, and NOX pollutants and see the effect of introducing modal shift of electric auto-rickshaw to reduce emission for India. Two policy scenarios were evaluated (1) with a 5% modal shift to electric auto-rickshaw, and (2) without modal shift. The results indicate that with a 5% shift to electric auto-rickshaw, by 2030, emissions will decrease by 6.30% compared to the baseline scenario. Further, by 2030, the projected CO emission would be 1,696,670 ton/year, and HC and NOX emissions would be 2,067,371 ton/year. Results can be useful for policy interventions towards cleaner fuel and the aggressive adoption for reducing pollution from auto-rickshaw.

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Abbreviations

BS:

Bharat Standard

GPS:

Global Position System

CBD:

Central Business District

EF:

Emission Factor

EV:

Electric Vehicle

SIAM:

Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers

STDC:

Surat Three Wheeler Auto-rickshaw Driving Cycle

DC:

Driving Cycle

CNG:

Compressed Natural Gas

IPT:

Intermediate Public Transport

MORTH:

Ministry of Road Transport Highway

SMC:

Surat Municipal Corporation

US:

United States

EUDC:

Extra Urban Driving Cycle

IDC:

Indian Driving Cycle

GPS:

Global Positioning System

Acc:

Acceleration

Dec:

Deceleration

DF:

Deterioration Factor

LL:

Lesser limit

HL:

Higher limit

THC:

Total hydrocarbon

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Availability of data and materials

All database and software used for supporting the conclusions of this research paper available from the Development of Three wheeler Auto-rickshaw Driving cycle for Arterial and Sub-arterial road; Ph.D. Thesis; 2019: Sardar Valllabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujrat. http://www.svnit.ac.in/web/department/ELibrary/elibrary.php.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. D.Y. Patil College of Engineering, Akurdi, Pune, 411044, India

    Tushar Rajendra Bagul

  2. CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, 110020, India

    Ravindra Kumar

  3. Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, 39500, India

    Rakesh Kumar

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  1. Tushar Rajendra Bagul
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  2. Ravindra Kumar
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Dr. Tushar Bagul carried out experiments, data analysis, and drafted manuscript. Dr. Ravindra Kumar coordinated this research and checked the manuscript. Dr. Rakesh Kumar participated in research coordination and checked the final manuscript. The authors read and approved final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Tushar Rajendra Bagul.

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Bagul, T.R., Kumar, R. & Kumar, R. Real-world emission and impact of three wheeler electric auto-rickshaw in India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 68188–68211 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14805-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14805-6

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