Abstract
Metal concentration in the sediments was determined to assess the metal enrichment and level of contamination in the Mandovi estuary. The metal distribution in the Mandovi estuary revealed preferential input through open-cast iron-ore mining, industrial, fishing, and agricultural activities. The heavy riverine runoff associated with high rainfall influenced the distribution of Mn, Zn, and Pb during monsoon season. In addition, sediment grain size and associated organic matter governed metal distribution in surface sediments. The role of grain size and organic matter along with Fe-Mn oxides in the distribution of metals was construed through correlation and factor analysis. Geo-accumulation index, contamination factor, and potential contamination index indicated contamination of surficial sediments of the Mandovi estuary with Cr and Pb.
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Acknowledgements
The present study was funded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences under Siber, India, program. The authors thank the Secretary, Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Govt. of India and the Vice Chancellor, Goa University, Goa for their support. We also extent our sincere thanks and gratitude to the anonymous reviewers for critically examining the manuscript with their valuable suggestions.
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This research was funded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, New Delhi under Siber program (No.36/00IS/Siber, Govt. of India MoES).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Cynthia V. Gaonkar. The first original draft of the manuscript was written by Cynthia V. Gaonkar, writing-review and editing was done by Maheshwar R. Nasnodkar, and conceptualization, writing-review and editing, and supervision were done by Vishnu Murty Matta.
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Gaonkar, C.V., Nasnodkar, M.R. & Matta, V.M. Assessment of metal enrichment and contamination in surface sediment of Mandovi estuary, Goa, West coast of India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 57872–57887 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14610-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14610-1