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Characterization and health risk assessment of particulate bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor atmosphere of Central East India

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Abstract

The selected 16 high-priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were characterized in PM2.5 in the indoor and outdoor air samples collected at the urban slum and rural sites in the Central East India. At the urban slum site, the indoor and outdoor concentrations of PAHs were 466.03± 11.94 ng/m3 and 321.71± 34.87 ng/m3, respectively. At the rural location, the indoor and outdoor concentrations were 294.85± 20.53 ng/m3 and 241.74± 29.04 ng/m3, respectively. Three-four and five-ring PAHs were found to be dominant in both urban slum and rural sites. Diagnostic ratio (DR) analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) conclude that diesel exhaust, gasoline, biomass, and coal combustion were the significant sources of 16 PAHs in indoor and outdoor environments, the urban slum and rural sites. Lifetime average daily dose (LADD) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values were calculated for health risk assessment for 6-year-old children and 24-year-old adults. The ELCR values in the urban slum site and the rural location were calculated 43.24 × 10−6 and 28.3 × 10−6. The ELCR values were observed between the acceptable limit 10−6–10−4 given by regulatory agency USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency (1989).

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the SERB-DST, Government of India, Sanction Order No EEQ/2016/000504

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Funding

Science and Engineering Research Board financially supported this study, Department of Science and Technology, (SERB-DST), Government of India, Sanction Order No EEQ/2016/000504. The authors are thankful to Ali Jaan Hussain for providing a facility for air sampling in the indoor atmosphere.

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  1. Atmospheric Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India

    Balram Ambade & Amit Kumar

  2. Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India

    Lokesh Kumar Sahu

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  1. Balram Ambade
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Balram Ambade: writing (original draft), methodology, and supervisor.

Amit Kumar: experiment, sampling, correction, and writing—review and editing.

Lokesh Kumar Sahu: grammar checking, review, and a collaborator on the project.

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Correspondence to Balram Ambade.

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Ambade, B., Kumar, A. & Sahu, L.K. Characterization and health risk assessment of particulate bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor atmosphere of Central East India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 56269–56280 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14606-x

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