Response surface methodology for strontium removal process optimization from contaminated water using zeolite nanocomposites

Karmaker, Shamal Chandra; Eljamal, Osama; Saha, Bidyut Baran

doi:10.1007/s11356-021-14503-3

Research Article
Published: 31 May 2021

Response surface methodology for strontium removal process optimization from contaminated water using zeolite nanocomposites

Shamal Chandra Karmaker^1,2,3,
Osama Eljamal⁴ &
Bidyut Baran Saha ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9902-2642^1,2

Environmental Science and Pollution Research volume 28, pages 56535–56551 (2021)Cite this article

347 Accesses
11 Citations
Metrics details

Abstract

The effective removal of strontium from polluted water is an emerging issue worldwide, especially in Japan, after the destruction of Fukushima’s Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. In the strontium removal process, statistical optimization of associated factors is needed to reduce the quantity of chemicals and the number of experimental trials. In this study, response surface methodology based on the central composite design was employed for assessing the influence of different factors and their interaction effects on the efficiency of strontium removal. We have considered nanoscale zero-valent iron-zeolite (nZVI-Z) and nano-Fe/Cu zeolite (nFe/Cu-Z) as adsorbents for the effective removal of strontium. The results suggested that the studied three factors such as pH, contact time, and concentration are positively related to the adsorption of strontium. That is, the maximum strontium removal occurred at pH, initial concentration, and contact time of 12, 200 mg L⁻¹, and 30 min, respectively. The experimental maximum strontium adsorption capacity of nZVI-Z and nFe/Cu-Z adsorbents is 32.5 mg/g and 34 mg/g, respectively. The present study also showed that the most statistically significant potential contributor was initial concentration, followed by contact time in the removal process. The study indicated that the interaction effect between contact time and initial concentration was statistically important, suggesting the need for a multi-mechanism technique in the removal phase of strontium. Tόth, Langmuir, Dubinin-Astakhov (D-A), Freundlich, and Hill isotherm models were also fitted with the experimental strontium adsorption data, in which the Tόth model fitted best compared to the other models based on the RMSD and R².

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Data availability

All data used and analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

df:: Degrees of freedom
F-value:: Value of F-statistic
MS:: Mean sum of squares
p-value:: Probability value
RMSD:: Root-mean-square deviation
R² (adj):: Adjusted R²
std. error:: Standard error of estimates
SS:: Sum of squares
t-value:: Value of t-statistic
α :: Level of significance (−)
τ:: Mean removal of strontium (mg g⁻¹)
λ ₀ :: Overall mean (mg g⁻¹)
λ _i :: Coefficients of predictor (−)

References

Abdulgader M, Yu QJ, Zinatizadeh AA, Williams P, Rahimi Z (2020) Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for process analysis and optimization of milk processing wastewater treatment using multistage flexible fiber biofilm reactor. J Environ Chem Eng 8:103797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103797
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ambashta RD, Sillanpää M (2010) Water purification using magnetic assistance: a review. J Hazard Mater 180:38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.105
Article CAS Google Scholar
Amen TWM, Eljamal O, Khalil AME, Matsunaga N (2017) Biochemical methane potential enhancement of domestic sludge digestion by adding pristine iron nanoparticles and iron nanoparticles coated zeolite compositions. J Environ Chem Eng 5:5002–5013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.09.030
Article CAS Google Scholar
Amen TWM, Eljamal O, Khalil AME, Matsunaga N (2018) Wastewater degradation by iron/copper nanoparticles and the microorganism growth rate. J Environ Sci (China) 74:19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.01.028
Article Google Scholar
Aoyama M, Tsumune D, Inomata Y, Tateda Y (2020) Mass balance and latest fluxes of radiocesium derived from the fukushima accident in the western North Pacific Ocean and coastal regions of Japan. J Environ Radioact 217:106206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106206
Article CAS Google Scholar
Bahrami M, Amiri MJ, Bagheri F (2019) Optimization of the lead removal from aqueous solution using two starch based adsorbents: design of experiments using response surface methodology (RSM). J Environ Chem Eng 7:102793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.11.038
Article CAS Google Scholar
Bayramoglu G, Arica MY (2016) MCM-41 silica particles grafted with polyacrylonitrile: modification in to amidoxime and carboxyl groups for enhanced uranium removal from aqueous medium. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 226:117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.12.040
Article CAS Google Scholar
Bayramoglu G, Arica MY (2019) Star type polymer grafted and polyamidoxime modified silica coated-magnetic particles for adsorption of U(VI)ions from solution. Chem Eng Res Des 147:146–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2019.04.039
Article CAS Google Scholar
Bayramoglu G, Akbulut A, Arica MY (2015) Study of polyethyleneimine- and amidoxime-functionalized hybrid biomass of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis for adsorption of uranium (VI) ion. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:17998–18010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4990-9
Article CAS Google Scholar
Bingöl D (2011) Removal of cadmium (II) from aqueous solutions using a central composite design. Fresenius Environ Bull 20:2704–2709
Google Scholar
Can MY, Yildiz E (2006) Phosphate removal from water by fly ash: factorial experimental design. J Hazard Mater 135:165–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.036
Article CAS Google Scholar
Dong S, Sartaj M (2016) Statistical analysis and optimization of ammonia removal from landfill leachate by sequential microwave/aeration process using factorial design and response surface methodology. J Environ Chem Eng 4:100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.10.029
Article CAS Google Scholar
Echeverría JC, Zarranz I, Estella J, Garrido JJ (2005) Simultaneous effect of pH, temperature, ionic strength, and initial concentration on the retention of lead on illite. Appl Clay Sci 30:103–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2005.03.006
Article CAS Google Scholar
Eljamal O, Shubair T, Tahara A, Sugihara Y, Matsunaga N (2019) Iron based nanoparticles-zeolite composites for the removal of cesium from aqueous solutions. J Mol Liq 277:613–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.12.115
Article CAS Google Scholar
Eljamal O, Thompson IP, Maamoun I, Shubair T, Eljamal K, Lueangwattanapong K, Sugihara Y (2020) Investigating the design parameters for a permeable reactive barrier consisting of nanoscale zero-valent iron and bimetallic iron/copper for phosphate removal. J Mol Liq 299:112144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112144
Article CAS Google Scholar
El-Kamash AM (2008) Evaluation of zeolite A for the sorptive removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ ions from aqueous solutions using batch and fixed bed column operations. J Hazard Mater 151:432–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.06.009
Article CAS Google Scholar
Faghihian H, Iravani M, Moayed M, Ghannadi-Maragheh M (2013) Preparation of a novel PAN-zeolite nanocomposite for removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ from aqueous solutions: kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies. Chem Eng J 222:41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.02.035
Article CAS Google Scholar
Falyouna O, Eljamal O, Maamoun I, Tahara A, Sugihara Y (2020) Magnetic zeolite synthesis for efficient removal of cesium in a lab-scale continuous treatment system. J Colloid Interface Sci 571:66–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.03.028
Article CAS Google Scholar
Foo KY, Hameed BH (2010) Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems. Chem Eng J 156:2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.09.013
Article CAS Google Scholar
Freundlich HMF (1906) Over the adsorption in solution. J Phys Chem 57:385–471
CAS Google Scholar
Geyikçi F, Büyükgüngör H (2013) Factorial experimental design for adsorption silver ions from water onto montmorillonite. Acta Geodyn Geomater 10:363–370
Article Google Scholar
Ghaedi AM, Panahimehr M, Nejad ARS, Hosseini SJ, Vafaei A, Baneshi MM (2018) Factorial experimental design for the optimization of highly selective adsorption removal of lead and copper ions using metal organic framework MOF-2 (Cd). J Mol Liq 272:15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.09.051
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ghafarzadeh M, Abedini R, Rajabi R (2017) Optimization of ultrasonic waves application in municipal wastewater sludge treatment using response surface method. J Clean Prod 150:361–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.159
Article Google Scholar
Hesas RH, Baei MS, Rostami H, Gardy J, Hassanpour A (2019) An investigation on the capability of magnetically separable Fe3O4/mordenite zeolite for refinery oily wastewater purification. J Environ Manag 241:525–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.005
Article CAS Google Scholar
HILL AV (1910) The possible effects of the aggregation of the molecules of haemoglobin on its dissociation curves. J Physiol 40:4–7
Google Scholar
Hong HJ, Jeong HS, Kim BG, Hong J, Park IS, Ryu T, Chung KS, Kim H, Ryu J (2016a) Highly stable and magnetically separable alginate/Fe3O4 composite for the removal of strontium (Sr) from seawater. Chemosphere 165:231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.034
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hong HJ, Ryu J, Park IS, Ryu T, Chung KS, Kim BG (2016b) Investigation of the strontium (Sr(II)) adsorption of an alginate microsphere as a low-cost adsorbent for removal and recovery from seawater. J Environ Manag 165:263–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.09.040
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hua M, Zhang S, Pan B, Zhang W, Lv L, Zhang Q (2012) Heavy metal removal from water/wastewater by nanosized metal oxides: a review. J Hazard Mater 211–212:317–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.016
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kumari M, Gupta SK (2019) Response surface methodological (RSM) approach for optimizing the removal of trihalomethanes (THMs) and its precursor’s by surfactant modified magnetic nanoadsorbents (sMNP) - an endeavor to diminish probable cancer risk. Sci Rep 9:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54902-8
Article CAS Google Scholar
Langmuir I (1916) The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. Part I. Solids. J Am Chem Soc 38:2221–2295. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02268a002
Article CAS Google Scholar
Lee KY, Kim KW, Park M, Kim J, Oh M, Lee EH, Chung DY, Moon JK (2016) Novel application of nanozeolite for radioactive cesium removal from high-salt wastewater. Water Res 95:134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.052
Article CAS Google Scholar
Liu CH, Shih YJ, Huang YH, Huang CP (2014) Kinetic and thermodynamic studies for adsorptive removal of Sr2+ using waste iron oxide. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 45:914–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2013.08.012
Article CAS Google Scholar
Liu M, Jia L, Zhao Z, Han Y, Li Y, Peng Q, Zhang Q (2020) Fast and robust lead (II) removal from water by bioinspired amyloid lysozyme fibrils conjugated with polyethyleneimine (PEI). Chem Eng J 390:124667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124667
Article CAS Google Scholar
Maamoun I, Eljamal O, Falyouna O, Eljamal R, Sugihara Y (2020) Multi-objective optimization of permeable reactive barrier design for Cr(VI) removal from groundwater. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 200:110773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110773
Article CAS Google Scholar
Maamoun I, Eljamal R, Falyouna O, Bensaida K, Sugihara Y, Eljamal O (2021a) Insights into kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics of phosphorus sorption onto nanoscale zero-valent iron. J Mol Liq 328:115402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115402
Article CAS Google Scholar
Maamoun I, Falyouna O et al (2021b) Optimization modeling of nFe0/Cu-PRB design for Cr(VI) removal from groundwater. Int J Environ Sci Dev 12:131–138. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2021.12.5.1330
Article Google Scholar
Mao Y, Yu S, Li P, Liu G, Ouyang S, Zhu Z, Zhang P (2021) A novel magnesium-rich tricalcium aluminate for simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphorus: response surface methodology and mechanism investigation. Environ Res 195:110719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110719
Article CAS Google Scholar
O’Carroll D, Sleep B, Krol M, Boparai H, Kocur C (2013) Nanoscale zero valent iron and bimetallic particles for contaminated site remediation. Adv Water Resour 51:104–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.02.005
Article CAS Google Scholar
Pal A, El-Sharkawy II, Saha BB et al (2016) Experimental investigation of CO2 adsorption onto a carbon based consolidated composite adsorbent for adsorption cooling application. Appl Therm Eng 109:304–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.08.031
Article CAS Google Scholar
Pal A, Kil HS, Mitra S, Thu K, Saha BB, Yoon SH, Miyawaki J, Miyazaki T, Koyama S (2017) Ethanol adsorption uptake and kinetics onto waste palm trunk and mangrove based activated carbons. Appl Therm Eng 122:389–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.099
Article CAS Google Scholar
Perez Mora B, Bellú S, Mangiameli MF, Frascaroli MI, González JC (2019) Response surface methodology and optimization of arsenic continuous sorption process from contaminated water using chitosan. J Water Process Eng 32:100913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100913
Article Google Scholar
Piccin JS, Cadaval TRS, de Pinto LAA, Dotto GL (2017) Adsorption isotherms in liquid phase: experimental, modeling, and interpretations. In: Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Mendoza-Castillo DI, Reynel-Ávila HE (eds) Adsorption processes for water treatment and purification. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 19–51
Chapter Google Scholar
Ponnusami V, Krithika V, Madhuram R, Srivastava SN (2007) Biosorption of reactive dye using acid-treated rice husk: factorial design analysis. J Hazard Mater 142:397–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.08.040
Article CAS Google Scholar
Rahman MM, Pal A, Uddin K, Thu K, Saha BB (2018) Statistical analysis of optimized isotherm model for Maxsorb III/ethanol and silica gel/water pairs. Evergreen 5:1–12. https://doi.org/10.5109/2174852
Article CAS Google Scholar
Rahman MM, Muttakin M, Pal A et al (2019) A statistical approach to determine optimal models for IUPAC-classified adsorption isotherms. Energies 12:4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12234565
Article CAS Google Scholar
Rahman MM, Karmaker SC, Pal A, Eljamal O, Saha BB (2020a) Statistical techniques for the optimization of cesium removal from aqueous solutions onto iron-based nanoparticle-zeolite composites. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:12918–12931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11258-1
Article CAS Google Scholar
Rahman N, Khan MF, Nasir M (2020b) Experimental design approach for optimization of Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution using poly-o-toluidine/stannic(IV) triethanolamine as adsorbent. Environ Technol Innov 17:100634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.100634
Article Google Scholar
Ramanayaka S, Tsang DCW, Hou D, Ok YS, Vithanage M (2020) Green synthesis of graphitic nanobiochar for the removal of emerging contaminants in aqueous media. Sci Total Environ 706:135725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135725
Article CAS Google Scholar
Rêgo TV, Cadaval TRS, Dotto GL, Pinto LAA (2013) Statistical optimization, interaction analysis and desorption studies for the azo dyes adsorption onto chitosan films. J Colloid Interface Sci 411:27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2013.08.051
Article CAS Google Scholar
Rocky KA, Pal A, Moniruzzaman M, Saha BB (2019) Adsorption characteristics and thermodynamic property fields of polymerized ionic liquid and polyvinyl alcohol based composite/CO2 pairs. J Mol Liq 294:111555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111555
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ryu J, Kim S, Hong HJ, Hong J, Kim M, Ryu T, Park IS, Chung KS, Jang JS, Kim BG (2016) Strontium ion (Sr2+) separation from seawater by hydrothermally structured titanate nanotubes: removal vs. recovery. Chem Eng J 304:503–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.06.131
Article CAS Google Scholar
Saadat S, Karimi-Jashni A (2011) Optimization of Pb(II) adsorption onto modified walnut shells using factorial design and simplex methodologies. Chem Eng J 173:743–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.08.042
Article CAS Google Scholar
Shahnaz T, Sharma V, Subbiah S, Narayanasamy S (2020) Multivariate optimisation of Cr (VI), Co (III) and Cu (II) adsorption onto nanobentonite incorporated nanocellulose/chitosan aerogel using response surface methodology. J Water Process Eng 36:101283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101283
Article Google Scholar
Shibata A, Koma Y, Ohi T (2016) Estimation of the inventory of the radioactive wastes in Fukushima Daiichi NPS with a radionuclide transport model in the contaminated water. J Nucl Sci Technol 53:1933–1942. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2016.1196625
Article CAS Google Scholar
Shubair T, Eljamal O, Matsunaga N (2018) Nano-Fe / Cu particles for the remediation of cesium contaminated solutions. Proc Int Exch Innov Conf Eng Sci 4:60–63
Google Scholar
Shubair T, Eljamal O, Tahara A, Sugihara Y, Matsunaga N (2019) Preparation of new magnetic zeolite nanocomposites for removal of strontium from polluted waters. J Mol Liq 288:111026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111026
Article CAS Google Scholar
Sing C, Yu J (1998) Copper adsorption and removal from water by living mycelium of white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Water Res 32:2746–2752. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00024-4
Article CAS Google Scholar
Sotomayor FJ, Cychosz KA, Thommes M (2018) Characterization of micro/mesoporous materials by physisorption: concepts and case studies. Acc Mater Surf Res 3:34–50
Google Scholar
Tajuddin MF, Al-Gheethi A, Mohamed R et al (2020) Optimizing of heavy metals removal from car wash wastewater by chitosan-ceramic beads using response surface methodology. Mater Today Proc 31:43–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.085
Article CAS Google Scholar
Tauanov Z, Tsakiridis PE, Mikhalovsky SV, Inglezakis VJ (2018) Synthetic coal fly ash-derived zeolites doped with silver nanoparticles for mercury (II) removal from water. J Environ Manag 224:164–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.049
Article CAS Google Scholar
Thanh DN, Novák P, Vejpravova J, Vu HN, Lederer J, Munshi T (2018) Removal of copper and nickel from water using nanocomposite of magnetic hydroxyapatite nanorods. J Magn Magn Mater 456:451–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.11.064
Article CAS Google Scholar
Toth J (1971) State equation of the solid-gas interface layers. Model Chem 69:311–328
CAS Google Scholar
Vipin AK, Ling S, Fugetsu B (2016) Removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ from water using MWCNT reinforced zeolite-A beads. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 224:84–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.11.024
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wang W, Zhou M, Mao Q, Yue J, Wang X (2010) Novel NaY zeolite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron as an efficient heterogeneous Fenton catalyst. Catal Commun 11:937–941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2010.04.004
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wang T, Zhou Y, Cao S, Lu J, Zhou Y (2019) Degradation of sulfanilamide by Fenton-like reaction and optimization using response surface methodology. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 172:334–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.106
Article CAS Google Scholar
Xanthopoulou M, Giliopoulos D, Tzollas N, Triantafyllidis KS, Kostoglou M, Katsoyiannis IA (2021) Phosphate removal using polyethylenimine functionalized silica-based materials. Sustain 13:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031502
Article CAS Google Scholar
Yildirim NC, Tanyol M, Yildirim N, Serdar O, Tatar S (2018) Biochemical responses of Gammarus pulex to malachite green solutions decolorized by Coriolus versicolor as a biosorbent under batch adsorption conditions optimized with response surface methodology. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 156:41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.059
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhao S, Chen Z, Shen J, Kang J, Qu Y, Wang B, Wang X, Yuan L (2017) Response surface methodology investigation into optimization of the removal condition and mechanism of Cr(VI) by Na2SO3/CaO. J Environ Manag 202:38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.012
Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Mechanical Engineering Department, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
Shamal Chandra Karmaker & Bidyut Baran Saha
International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Shamal Chandra Karmaker & Bidyut Baran Saha
Department of Statistics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
Shamal Chandra Karmaker
Water and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Earth System Science and Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Osama Eljamal

Authors

Shamal Chandra Karmaker
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Osama Eljamal
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Bidyut Baran Saha
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Shamal Chandra Karmaker: conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, writing-original draft. Osama Eljamal: investigation, experiments, writing-review and editing. Bidyut Baran Saha: conceptualization, methodology, writing-review and editing, supervision.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bidyut Baran Saha.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not application.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Tito Roberto Cadaval Jr.

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Karmaker, S.C., Eljamal, O. & Saha, B.B. Response surface methodology for strontium removal process optimization from contaminated water using zeolite nanocomposites. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 56535–56551 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14503-3

Download citation

Received: 09 March 2021
Accepted: 17 May 2021
Published: 31 May 2021
Issue Date: October 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14503-3

Keywords

Adsorption
Central composite design
Optimization
Removal
Strontium