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GIS-based risk mapping of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a survey in an endemic area of Central Iran

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Abstract

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne infectious disease that is affected by various environmental agents. The main objective of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of CL incidence by using Geographical Information System (GIS). This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted during 5 years from 2014 to 2018 in Isfahan, Iran. We used the required data on each leishmaniasis patient that were recorded from 44 counties of Isfahan in the databases and archive of the Provincial Health Centre. We used GIS for determining the incidence of CL in the high-risk foci. Moran index was used to identify high risk points (clustering in similar values) compared to the values of neighborhood points. Hot spot analysis was conducted by Getis-Ord-Gi. The highest incidence of the disease occurred in the age group of 18–64 years and 61.6% of patients were male. According to seasonal distribution, autumn (58.6%) had the highest frequency. Time trend of incidence showed that it had both decreasing and increasing, and there was a sudden upward trend of disease in 2018 except only two counties. The hot spots were involved the central areas of the Isfahan province slightly toward to the north and southeast of the province. Moran index showed that the differences for all points were not significant (p-value>0.05). Varzaneh (placed in southeast of Isfahan) was the hottest spot and had the worst position for leishmaniasis compared to all years and all cities.

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Funding

The source of funding of this research was Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Maracy

  2. Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 8187698191, Iran

    Fariba Jaffary, Fatemeh Sokhanvari, Asieh Heidari & Hanieh Sharifian-Koupaiee

  3. Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1937957514, Iran

    Fariba Jaffary

  4. Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Maracy, Afshin Ebrahimi & Asieh Heidari

  5. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Afshin Ebrahimi

  6. Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Hanieh Sharifian-Koupaiee

  7. Isfahan Provincial Health Center, Department of Disease Control, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Reza Fadaei & Javad Ramazanpour

  8. Student Research Committee and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Malihe Moazeni

Authors
  1. Mohammad Reza Maracy
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  2. Fariba Jaffary
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  3. Afshin Ebrahimi
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  4. Fatemeh Sokhanvari
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  5. Asieh Heidari
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  6. Hanieh Sharifian-Koupaiee
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  7. Reza Fadaei
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  8. Javad Ramazanpour
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  9. Malihe Moazeni
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Contributions

Conceptualization: M. R. M., F. J. Data curation: M. R. M., F. S., A. E., A. H., H. S. K., J. R., R. F. Formal analysis: M. R. M., A. E., M. M. Writing—original draft: M. R. M., F. J., F. S., A. E., A. H., H. S. K., J. R., R. F., M. M. Writing—review and editing: M. R. M., F. J., F. S., A. E., A. H., H. S. K., J. R., R. F., M. M.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammad Reza Maracy.

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Ethics statement

This study obtained ethical permission from the Ethical Committee, Research Deputy, IsfahanUniversity of Medical Sciences (Approval Number: 292106).

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya

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Maracy, M.R., Jaffary, F., Ebrahimi, A. et al. GIS-based risk mapping of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a survey in an endemic area of Central Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 57470–57485 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14455-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14455-8

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