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Heavy metal phytoremediation potential of the roadside forage Chloris barbata Sw. (swollen windmill grass) and the risk assessment of the forage-cattle-human food system

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Abstract

This study presents the assessment of the risks incidental to the growth of the common tropical grass species Chloris barbata Sw. (swollen windmill grass) on road margins contaminated with Pb and Cd. Pot experiments were first carried out to quantify the Pb and Cd accumulation potential of the plant species in various plant parts as a function of the metal concentration in soil. C. barbata was found to be a hyperaccumulator for Cd (BCF>1, for aerial parts) and an excluder of Pb (BCF<1, for aerial parts). As the plant was found to accumulate Pb in its roots with TF<1, it can be considered a phytostabilizer of Pb. The mathematical relationship developed between soil concentrations of Pb and Cd and their corresponding concentrations in aerial parts were used in combination with the concentrations of these heavy metals reported in roadside soils to obtain estimates of their accumulation in the forage and consequently in the animal organs. Risk to the consumers of offal was estimated. It was found that the consumption of kidney meat was riskier than the consumption of liver meat. Furthermore, it was seen that despite the nearly two order less concentrations of Cd in roadside soils compared to Pb, it was posing a higher risk. For the median concentrations of Pb reported in roadside soils and cattle feeding exclusively on C. barbata growing on roadside soils, the HQ exceeded 1 for weekly consumption of kidney meat above 650 g. For median Cd concentrations, consumption of kidney meat above 230 g/week resulted in HQ>1. The scenario considered for risk assessment is significant for India, where stray grazing of cattle on road margins is common and offal offers a cheap source of animal protein for the economically poor.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the help of the National Institute of Technology Calicut for extending the facilities for the experiments.

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  1. National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, Kerala, India

    Minisha Thalikulangara Madanan & George Kuttiparichel Varghese

  2. Government Degree College Pampore, Srinagar, India

    Irfan Khursheed Shah

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Minisha TM designed and carried out the phytoremediation experiments. George K. Varghese visualized and supervised the study and conceptualized and prepared the manuscript. Irfan K. Shah assisted in conceptualization and did review and editing of manuscript.

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Madanan, M.T., Varghese, G.K. & Shah, I.K. Heavy metal phytoremediation potential of the roadside forage Chloris barbata Sw. (swollen windmill grass) and the risk assessment of the forage-cattle-human food system. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 45096–45108 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13840-7

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