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Effects of allelochemical artemisinin in Artemisia annua on Microcystis aeruginosa: growth, death mode, and microcystin-LR changes

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Abstract

To investigate the effects of an allelochemical artemisinin extracted from Artemisia annua (A. annua) on cell growth, death mode, and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) changes of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa), a series of morphological and biochemical characteristics were studied. The results showed that artemisinin could inhibit the growth of M. aeruginosa and reduce the content of phycobiliprotein. Under the allelopathy of artemisinin, algae cells deformed due to swelling, which caused cell membranes to rupture and cell contents to leak. FDA/PI double-staining results showed that 15.10–94.90% of algae cells experienced the death mode of necrosis-like. Moreover, there were 8.35–14.50% of algae cells undergoing programmed cell death, but their caspase-3-like protease activity remained unchanged, which may mean that algae cells were not experiencing caspase-dependent apoptosis under artemisinin stress. Attacked by artemisinin directly, both intracellular and extracellular MC-LR increased sharply with the upregulation of mcyB, mcyD, and mcyH. The upregulation multiple of mcyH suggested that M. aeruginosa could accelerate transportation of algal toxin under adverse conditions of artemisinin. Artemisinin not only can inhibit the growth of M. aeruginosa but it also causes the accelerated release and increase of microcystin-LR. These imply that the application of artemisinin should be reconsidered in practical water bodies.

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Availability of data and material

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Funding

This work was supported jointly by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51779079, 51979137), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK20181313), the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), and the Top-notch Academic Programs Project of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (TAPP).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China

    Lixiao Ni, Hanqi Wu, Cunhao Du, Xianglan Li, Yan Li, Chu Xu & Peifang Wang

  2. School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097, China

    Shiyin Li

  3. Jiangsu Provincial Water Conservancy Department, Nanjing, 210029, China

    Jianhua Zhang

  4. Cyanobacteria Management Office, Wuxi, 214071, China

    Xuqing Chen

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  1. Lixiao Ni
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Contributions

Lixiao Ni: methodology, software, investigation, writing-original draft, project administration, and funding acquisition.

Hanqi Wu: writing-review and editing, investigation, formal analysis, visualization, and software.

Cunhao Du: formal analysis, visualization, and data curation.

Xianglan Li: software and investigation.

Yan Li: data curation and investigation.

Chu Xu: writing-review and editing and data curation.

Peifang Wang: validation and writing: review and editing.

Shiyin Li: conceptualization, project administration, and validation.

Jianhua Zhang: resources and supervision.

Xuqing Chen: conceptualization and writing: review and editing.

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Correspondence to Shiyin Li.

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Ni, L., Wu, H., Du, C. et al. Effects of allelochemical artemisinin in Artemisia annua on Microcystis aeruginosa: growth, death mode, and microcystin-LR changes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 45253–45265 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13793-x

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