Abstract
The present study evaluates the development of visible injury related to phytotoxic ozone dose (PODy) in native tropical species Astronium graveolens Jacq. (Anacardiaceae) and validates the symptoms using structural markers attributed to oxidative burst and hypersensitive responses. Increasing POD0 was associated with increasing O3 visible injury using different metrics as the incidence (INC = number of injured plants/total number of plants × 100), severity (SF = number of injured leaves/total number of leaves on injured plant × 100), and severity leaflet (SFL = number of injured leaflets/total number leaflets injured plant × 100). The effective dose (ED), which represents the POD0 dose responsible for inducing 20 (ED20), 50 (ED50), or 80% (ED80) of visible injury, were used to demonstrate that for this species, the response is similar even when the plants are exposed to diverse climate environments. Further investigation of the INC and SF index may help in long-term forest monitoring sites dedicated to O3 assessment in forests, while the SFL index seems to be an excellent indicator to be used in the short term to investigate the effects of O3.
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Data availability
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Post-Graduation Program of Instituto de Botânica (São Paulo, Brazil), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), and FAPESP (proc. 2011/51233-0) for supporting our project; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES-PNADB) for master scholarship granted to the first author; Companhia Ambiental do Estado de Sao Paulo (CETESB) for air pollution data; and Dr. Regina Moraes and Dr. Edenise Segala Alves for the collaboration and supervision during work.
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This study received financial support from the Brazilian CAPES-PNADB, CNPq, and FAPESP (proc. 2011/51233-0).
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Dr. Fernandes conducted the experiment, collected all data, and prepared and analyzed the microscopic samples. Dr. Moura provided support for samples analysis, with the interpretation of the results and applied statistical analysis.
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Fernandes, F.F., Moura, B.B. Foliage visible injury in the tropical tree species, Astronium graveolens is strictly related to phytotoxic ozone dose (PODy). Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 41726–41735 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13682-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13682-3