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Biodiesel blends: a comprehensive systematic review on various constraints

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Abstract

Biodiesel is a renewable, clean-burning diesel replacement that can be used in existing diesel engines without modification. Biodiesel is among the nation’s first domestically developed and economically usable advanced biofuels. Throughout the field of biodiesel including FAME/FAGE diesel variants, the concentrations of close to around 20% conform to every requirement out from the existing fuel content guidelines. Larger blending ratios are essential for hydrotreated vegetable oil blends to lubricity enhancers. Of organic biobutanol blends, the suggested blending ratio is restricted to 10% or less to prevent high water content and low cetane content. Here, the presented survey intends to make a review of 65 papers that concerns with biodiesel blends. Accordingly, systematic analyses of the adopted techniques are carried out and presented briefly. In addition, the performances and related maximum achievements of each contribution are also portrayed in this survey. Moreover, the chronological assessment and various blends of biodiesel in the considered papers are reviewed in this work. Finally, the survey portrays numerous research problems and weaknesses that may be helpful for researchers to introduce prospective studies on biodiesel blends.

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Abbreviations

Ag:

Silver

ANN:

Artificial neural network

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

BAO:

Bitter almond oil

BP:

Brake power

BSEC:

Brake-specific fuel consumption

BSFC:

Brake-specific energy consumption

BTHE:

Brake thermal efficiency

CCD:

Central composite design

CCO:

Crude coconut oil

CE:

Conventional engine

CI:

Compression ignition

CIBD:

Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel

CNT:

Carbon nanotubes

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CR:

Compression ratio

CSOME:

Cottonseed oil methyl ester

DCCI:

Homogeneous charge compression ignition

DEE:

Diethyl ether

DFM:

Dual fuel mode

DI:

Direct injections

DOE:

Design of experiments

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

DTBP:

Di-tetra-butyl-peroxide

DWC:

Dividing-wall column

ECU:

Engine control unit

EDS:

Energy-dispersive spectroscopy

EGR:

Exhaust gas recirculation

EGT:

Exhaust gas temperature

EJO:

Esterified jatropha biodiesel

FAME:

Fatty acid methyl esters

FT-IR:

Fourier transform infrared

HC:

Hydrocarbon

HCC:

Hemispherical combustion chamber

HSDI:

High-speed direct injection

HCCI:

Homogeneous charge compression ignition

ICP:

Inductively coupled plasma

IP:

Injection pressure

IT:

Injection timing

KOH:

Potassium hydroxide

LHRE:

Low heat rejection engine

LTC:

Low temperature combustion

MHCC:

Modified hemispherical combustion chamber

MIR:

Mid-infrared spectroscopy

NA:

Natural aspirated

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

NIR:

Near-infrared spectroscopy

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

NOx:

Nitrogen oxides

PCCI:

Premixed charge combustion ignition

PEMS:

Portable emission measurement system

PLSR:

Partial least square regression

PM:

Particulate matter

PN:

Particle number

PSD:

Particle size distribution

RME:

Rapeseed methyl ester

RMS:

Root mean square

RSM:

Response surface methodology

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SFC:

Specific fuel consumption

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TG:

Thermogravimetric

UBHC:

Unburned hydrocarbons

VCO:

Virgin coconut oil

VCR:

Variable compression ratio

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram, Tirunelveli, Dist-627114, India

    Rajkumar Kamaraj

  2. Aditya College of Engineering, East-Godavari District, Peddapuram, Andhra Pradesh, 533437, India

    Yarrapragada K.S.S. Rao

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, 533003, India

    Balakrishna B

Authors
  1. Rajkumar Kamaraj
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  2. Yarrapragada K.S.S. Rao
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  3. Balakrishna B
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Contributions

Rajkumar Kamaraj conceived the presented idea and designed the analysis. Also, he carried out the experiment and wrote the manuscript with support from Yarra Pragada and Bala Krishna. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Rajkumar Kamaraj.

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Kamaraj, R., Rao, Y. & B, B. Biodiesel blends: a comprehensive systematic review on various constraints. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 43770–43785 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13316-8

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