Abstract
Red mud as industrial waste from bauxite was utilized as a precursor for the synthesis of mesoporous ZSM-5. A high concentration of iron oxide in red mud was successfully removed using alkali fusion treatment. Mesoporous ZSM-5 was synthesized using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) as a template via dual-hydrothermal method, and the effect of crystallization time was investigated towards the formation of mesopores. Characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), N2 adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated the formation of cubic crystallite ZSM-5 with high surface area and mesopore volume within 6 h of crystallization. Increasing the crystallization time revealed the evolution of highly crystalline ZSM-5; however, the surface area and mesoporosity were significantly reduced. The effect of mesoporosity was investigated on the adsorption of methylene blue (MB). Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of MB adsorption on mesoporous ZSM-5 was carried out at a variation of adsorption parameters such as the concentration of MB solution, the temperatures of solution, and the amount of adsorbent. Finally, methanol, 1-butanol, acetone, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and acetonitrile were used as desorbing agents to investigate the reusability and stability of mesoporous ZSM-5 as an adsorbent for MB removal.
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The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Eko Santoso from the Department of Chemistry, ITS, for the discussion on the kinetic studies.
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The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of Republic Indonesia for supporting a research fund under the research grant of PDUPT, number PDUPT-1193/PKS/ITS/2020.
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HT conceptualized and planned the study, performed the experiments and data analysis, and prepared the original draft of the manuscript. RS performed the experiments and data analysis and prepared the original draft of the manuscript. MFY performed the experiments and data analysis. REN performed the experiments and data analysis. YK supervised the study, acquired funding, and reviewed and edited the manuscript. HB reviewed and edited the manuscript. AAJ reviewed and edited the manuscript. HH reviewed and edited the manuscript. DP supervised the study, acquired funding, and reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Tehubijuluw, H., Subagyo, R., Yulita, M.F. et al. Utilization of red mud waste into mesoporous ZSM-5 for methylene blue adsorption-desorption studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 37354–37370 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13285-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13285-y