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Landscape scaling of different land-use types, geomorphological styles, vegetation regionalizations, and geographical zonings differs spatial erosion patterns in a large-scale ecological restoration watershed

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Abstract

Water erosion is one of the main types of soil degradation, but few quantitative estimates have been done in the soil erosion intensity grades of different landscape scaling characteristics in a large-scale ecological restoration watershed. This study comparatively illustrates the utility of high-resolution data and geospatial technique, particularly the GIS-based RUSLE model, for an improved understanding of the spatial patterns of soil erosion under different land use types, geomorphological styles, vegetational regionalizations, and geographical zonings, aiming to promote ecological sustainable watershed management in practice. Results indicate the following:

(i) The soil erosion intensity grade showed an overall decreasing trend from northwest to southeast in the Jinghe River Watershed. The percentages of intense erosion and extremely intense erosion in different land use types in 2015 were significantly lower than that in 2000 except middle- and low-coverage grasslands because of the effective implementation of “Grain for Green” project. e.g., the percentage of extremely intense erosion in dry land decreased from 41.72% in 2000 to 8.99% in 2015.

(ii) The mid-elevation loessial beams and hills and mid-elevation loessial tableland were both the major sources of intense erosion and extremely intense erosion, with the contribution ratio of 41.89 and 53.94% and 35.79 and 20.83% in 2000 and 44.45 and 48.99% and 36.88 and 18.72% in 2015, respectively.

(iii) The intense, extremely intense and severe erosion in the temperate typical grassland subzone accounted for 32.62, 44.47, and 9.6% in 2000 and 36.74, 40.7, and 8.1% in 2015, respectively. There were no severe and extremely intense erosion in the deciduous oak forest subzone of northern and southern warm temperate. (iv) The intense, extremely intense, and severe erosion of the loessial wide valley hills accounted for 32.19, 45.27, and 8.92% in 2000 and 36.32, 41.42, and 7.48% in 2015. The intense and extremely intense erosion of the loessial tableland accounted for 40.58 and 16.02% in 2000 and 40.57 and 14.27% in 2015. More importantly, land use types can be applied to the design and implementation of a development scheme more reliably than other landscapes because the land use system is a more scientific and fine classification based on topography, soils, and vegetation correlated with geology, geomorphology, and climate. The knowledge on the fine landscape scale will be useful for comprehensive watershed management by soil scientists, agronomists, environmental scientists, land managers, and policymakers.

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Data Availability

The datasets used or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgments

Acknowledgement for the data support from "Loess Plateau Data Center, National Earth System Science Data Sharing Infrastructure, National Science & Technology Infrastructure of China (http://loess.geodata.cn)

Funding

Special thanks to the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their useful suggestions on the manuscript. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52070158, 51679206), Tang Scholar (Z111021720), Youth Science and Technology Nova Project in Shaanxi Province (2017KJXX-91), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2452016120, 2452015374), International Science and Technology Cooperation Funds (A213021603).

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  1. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People’s Republic of China

    Lei Wu, Zhi Yang, Junlai Chen & Xiaoyi Ma

  2. Blackland Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX, 76502, USA

    Lei Wu

  3. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People’s Republic of China

    Lei Wu

  4. College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People’s Republic of China

    Lei Wu, Zhi Yang, Junlai Chen & Xiaoyi Ma

  5. Construction Department, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People’s Republic of China

    Xia Liu

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Dr. Lei Wu wrote the manuscript and is the first author of the paper. Miss Xia Liu statistically analysed the data; Zhi Yang and Junlai Chen provided some suggestions, and Professor Xiaoyi Ma reviewed the paper.

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Wu, L., Liu, X., Yang, Z. et al. Landscape scaling of different land-use types, geomorphological styles, vegetation regionalizations, and geographical zonings differs spatial erosion patterns in a large-scale ecological restoration watershed. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 38374–38392 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13274-1

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