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Carrageenan oligomers and salicylic acid act in tandem to escalate artemisinin production by suppressing arsenic uptake and oxidative stress in Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood) cultivated in high arsenic soil

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Abstract

The present study is aimed to elucidate the effects of concomitant application of irradiated carrageenan (IC) oligomers and salicylic acid (SA) on Artemisia annua L. varieties, viz. “CIM-Arogya” (tolerant) and “Jeevan Raksha” (sensitive) exposed to arsenic (As) stress. Artemisia annua has been known for its sesqui-terpene molecule artemisinin, which is useful in curing malaria. The two compounds, IC and SA, have been established as effective plant growth-promoting molecules for several agricultural and horticultural crops. To test the stress tolerance providing efficacy of IC and SA, the characterization of various physiological and biochemical parameters, growth as well as yield attributes was done in the present experiment. A. annua plants were given various treatments viz. (i) Control (0) (ii) 45 mg As kg-1 of soil (iii) 80 mg L-1 IC+45 mg As kg-1 of soil (iv) 10-6 M SA+45 mg As kg-1 of soil (vi) 45 mg As kg-1 soil+80 mg L-1 IC+10-6 M SA. Plants of A. annua suffered from prominent injuries due to oxidative stress generated by As. At 90 and 120 days after planting (DAP), As toxicity was manifested in reduction of most of the studied growth parameters. However, antioxidant activities such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were enhanced in As-stressed conditions and their activities were further enhanced in IC+SA-treated plants. Application of As significantly produced the highest artemisinin content and yield in “CIM-Arogya” over “Jeevan Raksha.” Noticeably, the selected plant growth regulators (PGRs) (IC and SA) applied individually through foliage were found efficient, though, the concomitant effect of PGRs was much pronounced compared to their alone application in countering the toxicity of As. The interactive action of PGRs escalated the overall production (yield) of artemisinin (58.7% and 53.8%) in tolerant and sensitive varieties of A. annua in the presence of soil As. Conclusively, the concomitant application of IC and SA proved much effective and successful over their individual use in exploring the overall development of A. annua subjected to As stress.

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Funding

This work is supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) New Delhi (Project No. SB/FT/LS-242/2012), to the first author, in the form of a research project is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India

    Muhammad Naeem, Tariq Aftab & Mohammad Masroor Akhtar Khan

  2. Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia

    Abid Ali Ansari

Authors
  1. Muhammad Naeem
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  2. Tariq Aftab
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  3. Abid Ali Ansari
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  4. Mohammad Masroor Akhtar Khan
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Contributions

MN involved in conceptualization, project administration, data curation, statistical analysis, investigation, methodology, software, and drafting. TA and MMAK involved in project administration, supervision, validation, visualization and resources, reviewing and editing. AAA performed validation, visualization and software.

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Correspondence to Muhammad Naeem or Tariq Aftab.

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Naeem, M., Aftab, T., Ansari, A.A. et al. Carrageenan oligomers and salicylic acid act in tandem to escalate artemisinin production by suppressing arsenic uptake and oxidative stress in Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood) cultivated in high arsenic soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 42706–42721 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13241-w

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