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Effects of the emulsifiable herbicide Dicamba on amphibian tadpoles: an underestimated toxicity risk?

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Abstract

The effects of exposure to the herbicide Dicamba (DIC) on tadpoles of two amphibian species, Scinax nasicus and Elachistocleis bicolor, were assessed. Mortality and biochemical sublethal effects were evaluated using acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and thyroid hormone (T4) levels. The LC50 value at 48h was 0.859 mg L−1 for S. nasicus and 0.221 mg L−1 for E. bicolor tadpoles. After exposure to sublethal DIC concentrations for 48 h, GST activity increased in S. nasicus but significantly decreased in E. bicolor with respect to controls. GR activity decreased only in S. nasicus at all the tested DIC concentrations. AChE activity was significantly inhibited in both S. nasicus and E. bicolor tadpoles at 48 h. DIC also caused significant changes in transamination, as evidenced by an increase in AST and ALT activities in both amphibian species. T4 levels were higher in DIC-treated tadpoles of both species than in controls. The DIC-induced biochemical alterations in glutathione system enzymes and transaminases indicate lesions in liver tissues and cellular function. Moreover, the observed AChE inhibition could lead to the accumulation of acetylcholine, excessively stimulating postsynaptic receptors, and the increase in T4 levels in both species may indicate an overactive thyroid. The commercial DIC formulation showed a high biotoxicity in the two amphibian native species after short-term exposure, controversially differing from the toxicity level indicated in the official fact sheet data. This fact highlights the need for an urgent re-categorization and reevaluation of DIC toxicity in native species.

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Acknowledgements

We thank J. Brasca English Editing Service and A. Bassó for the field assistance. We also acknowledge anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions.

Availability of data and materials

Supporting data of the study are available in this published article (supplementary information). Besides, datasets generated and analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Funding

This study was supported in part by the National Agency for Promotion of Science and Technology, Argentina (ANPCyT FONCyT PICT, N° 1069), and the Course of Action for Research and Science Promotion, Argentina (CAI D-UNL, PIC N°100004LI).

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Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

Andres M. Attademo Conception: Design, execution, interpretation, and writing.

Rafael C. Lajmanovich: Conception, design, execution, and interpretation.

Paola Peltzer: Design and interpretation.

Ana Paula Cuzziol Boccioni: Execution and interpretation.

Candela Martinuzzi: Execution and analyses.

Fernanda Simonielo: Execution and interpretation

Maria Rosa Repetti: Execution and analyses.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrés Maximiliano Attademo.

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Ethics approval and consent to participate

The animals used in this research have been treated according to the criteria of the ASIH (2004) and with approval bythe Animal Ethics Committee of the Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina (http://www.fbcb.unl.edu.ar/pages/investigacion/comite-deetica.php).

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Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Responsible editor: Bruno Nunes

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Attademo, A.M., Lajmanovich, R.C., Peltzer, P.M. et al. Effects of the emulsifiable herbicide Dicamba on amphibian tadpoles: an underestimated toxicity risk?. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 31962–31974 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13000-x

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